Seawater battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

Connected concepts

Related concepts from the knowledge graph. Connections show context, not cause and effect. Hover or focus a linked term for its definition.

Aqueous battery

Any battery whose electrolyte is water-based, from lead–acid and nickel–metal hydride to aqueous zinc-ion and sodium-ion designs. Water is cheap, non-flammable and highly conductive, but it splits at 1.23 V in theory and around 2 V in practice, which caps cell voltage and energy density.

NASICON electrolyte

Oxide solid electrolytes with the sodium-superionic-conductor structure, such as lithium aluminium titanium phosphate. They are stable in air and against high-voltage cathodes but are reduced by lithium metal, so they need a protective interlayer.

Primary cell

A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.

Sodium-ion battery

A cell built like a lithium-ion cell but shuttling sodium ions, usually between a hard-carbon negative electrode and a layered oxide or Prussian-blue positive. It uses no lithium, cobalt or copper, at the cost of lower energy density.

Zinc–air cell

A cell whose positive electrode uses oxygen from the air, so almost all its volume is zinc and its energy density is very high. It powers hearing aids as a primary cell; rechargeable versions are being developed for grid storage.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.