Potassium-ion battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

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Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.

Intercalation

Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.

Prussian blue analogue

An open-framework compound, AₓM[Fe(CN)₆], in which iron–cyanide units and another metal form a cubic cage with wide channels for large ions. Made at low temperature from cheap elements, its sodium-rich form, Prussian white, is a leading sodium-ion cathode. Water trapped in the lattice degrades cells, and the cyanide groups raise questions in thermal runaway.

Rocking-chair mechanism

The working principle of a lithium-ion cell: lithium ions rock back and forth between host electrodes and are neither plated nor dissolved. Because the electrodes are only hosts, the ion count stays fixed and the cell can cycle thousands of times.

Sodium-ion battery

A cell built like a lithium-ion cell but shuttling sodium ions, usually between a hard-carbon negative electrode and a layered oxide or Prussian-blue positive. It uses no lithium, cobalt or copper, at the cost of lower energy density.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.