PID controller

Example

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Use in Lemonergy

Separate quantities from encoding and transport.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

Connected concepts

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Feedback and feedforward control

Two ways of deciding a control input. Feedback measures the result and corrects an error after it appears; feedforward acts in advance on a known disturbance or setpoint, using a model. A battery cooling loop may feed forward the heat expected from the requested current and use feedback on cell temperature to trim the remaining error.

Gain scheduling

Changing a controller’s or estimator’s gains with the operating point, usually by look-up tables indexed by measured variables. Because a cell’s resistance and dynamics change sharply with temperature and SOC, BMS thermal loops and state estimators often switch or interpolate their parameters across those ranges instead of using one fixed tuning.

Model predictive control

Control that uses a model to predict the system’s behaviour over a short horizon, chooses the input sequence that best meets a goal within constraints, applies the first step and repeats. In batteries it suits fast charging — the most current possible without breaching voltage or temperature limits or risking lithium plating — at a higher computing cost than PID.

Plant model

A model of the system being controlled — cells, pack, cooling loop, charger — as distinct from the controller itself. Engineers tune and verify BMS software against it in model-, software- and hardware-in-the-loop tests, so its fidelity, often an equivalent circuit model coupled to a thermal model, limits how much those tests prove.

Thermal management

Keeping cells in their comfortable range, roughly 15–35 °C, and within a few degrees of each other: liquid cooling plates, refrigerant plates or immersion for heat removal, and heaters or waste heat for warming before fast charging in the cold.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers, second edition

   Karl J. Åström, Richard M. Murray · Princeton University Press; author-maintained FBSwiki · 2021

   Technical reference · State-space modeling, feedback and PID control. These mathematical foundations do not establish a particular software implementation.

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

2. 3rd generation of the CAN data link layer

   CAN in Automation, CAN Newsletter · 2020

   Topic background · Classical CAN, CAN FD and CAN XL data-link concepts; publication describes the 2020 state.

3. Getting Started with the BQ76925

   Texas Instruments · 2019

   Topic background · A concrete BMS analog front-end example: cell voltage, current, temperature measurement and MCU integration.