Feedback and feedforward control

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Separate quantities from encoding and transport.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

Connected concepts

Related concepts from the knowledge graph. Connections show context, not cause and effect. Hover or focus a linked term for its definition.

Heat generation

The heat a cell produces in operation: an irreversible part equal to current times overpotential, and a reversible part from the entropy change, I·T·dE/dT. The Bernardi equation sums them and feeds every thermal model.

Model predictive control

Control that uses a model to predict the system’s behaviour over a short horizon, chooses the input sequence that best meets a goal within constraints, applies the first step and repeats. In batteries it suits fast charging — the most current possible without breaching voltage or temperature limits or risking lithium plating — at a higher computing cost than PID.

PID controller

A feedback controller whose output is a weighted sum of the present error, its accumulated integral and its rate of change. It is the workhorse of battery systems — holding coolant temperature with a pump or compressor, regulating charger current and voltage — and often runs as PI only, without the derivative term.

Plant model

A model of the system being controlled — cells, pack, cooling loop, charger — as distinct from the controller itself. Engineers tune and verify BMS software against it in model-, software- and hardware-in-the-loop tests, so its fidelity, often an equivalent circuit model coupled to a thermal model, limits how much those tests prove.

Thermal management

Keeping cells in their comfortable range, roughly 15–35 °C, and within a few degrees of each other: liquid cooling plates, refrigerant plates or immersion for heat removal, and heaters or waste heat for warming before fast charging in the cold.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. 3rd generation of the CAN data link layer

   CAN in Automation, CAN Newsletter · 2020

   Topic background · Classical CAN, CAN FD and CAN XL data-link concepts; publication describes the 2020 state.

2. Getting Started with the BQ76925

   Texas Instruments · 2019

   Topic background · A concrete BMS analog front-end example: cell voltage, current, temperature measurement and MCU integration.