Battery knowledge · Capacity, energy, power and ratings
Operating temperature
The temperature range a cell may be charged and discharged in, typically 0–45 °C for charging and −20–60 °C for discharging. Charging below 0 °C risks lithium plating; above the range the cell ages fast and may vent.
- Unit
- °C
Example
Temperature and reaction rate
At 25 °C: 1×. At 35 °C: 1.924×. At 45 °C: 3.554×.
The equation uses kelvin. One activated process is represented, not lifetime.
Explore the graph
Compare an activated process with its rate at 25 °C.
At 25 °C: 1×. At 35 °C: 1.924×. At 45 °C: 3.554×.
k(T)/k(T_ref) = exp[(Eₐ/R)(1/T_ref − 1/T)]
Illustrative model. The equation uses kelvin. One activated process is represented, not lifetime.
Use in Lemonergy
Design protocol or analysis tool
Inspect pack temperature
The separate Charge session can include a lumped thermal node.
Equation or tool to use
- Charge session thermal node
Balances heat and exchange
Inputs & settings
- Ambient temperature
- Thermal mass (J/K)
- Conductance (W/K)
- Heater availability
This overview identifies the components to use. Follow the example in Lemonergy for their connections and settings.
- Provide thermal mass and conductance.
- Compare two ambient temperatures.
Example. 100 kJ/K thermal mass and 100 W/K conductance give a 1000 s no-source temperature-difference time constant.
Observe. Temperature limits can pause charge; heater and mass are separate.
One node does not resolve gradients, coolant geometry or runaway. Studio’s native charger instead uses external temperature.
Open Design → Charge session →References & further reading
Further reading on this topic
These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.
- The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures · 2026
Topic background · Definitions of SI units and coherent derived units; 2026 revision.
- Battery Test Manual For Electric Vehicles, Revision 3
Jon P. Christopherson · Idaho National Laboratory · 2015
Topic background · Performance characterization, pulse resistance/power, life testing and reference performance tests; historical 2015 edition.