Lattice oxygen release

Example

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Flammability

The property that makes lithium-ion fires hard to fight: the carbonate solvents have flash points near room temperature, and the positive electrode releases its own oxygen when hot, so the fire does not need air. Solid and non-flammable electrolytes aim to remove this.

Gas generation

Formation of gases — ethylene, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide — by electrolyte decomposition, mostly during formation and later under high voltage or temperature. In a pouch cell it shows as swelling; in a can it raises pressure until the vent opens.

High-nickel cathode

A layered oxide with 80 % or more nickel, such as NMC811 or NCA. Nickel raises capacity and lowers cobalt content, but the material is less thermally stable, more sensitive to moisture and ages faster at high voltage.

LFP

A positive electrode material, LiFePO₄, giving cells a nominal voltage around 3.2 V, long cycle life and good thermal stability, but less energy per kilogram than nickel-rich oxides. Its flat voltage curve makes state of charge hard to read from voltage alone.

Structural degradation

Changes in the crystal structure of a positive material as it cycles: layered oxides can rearrange into spinel or rock-salt phases at the surface, with nickel ions migrating into lithium sites. The new phases block lithium transport and raise resistance.

Thermal runaway

Self-accelerating heating in a cell: heat speeds up reactions that release more heat, until the cell vents, catches fire or ruptures. An internal short, overcharge or external heating can trigger it.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry

   Arumugam Manthiram · Nature Communications · 2020

   Technical reference · Layered oxides, spinels and polyanion cathodes; links between composition, structure and performance.

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

2. Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know

   Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · 2021

   Topic background · Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.