{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Lattice oxygen release",
    "properties": {
      "id": "lattice-oxygen-release",
      "name": "Lattice oxygen release",
      "aka": [
        "oxygen release",
        "oxygen loss"
      ],
      "section": "topic-aging",
      "definition": "Oxygen escaping from the crystal of a charged layered oxide as it transforms towards spinel and rock-salt phases. At high voltage it happens slowly at particle surfaces, leaving a resistive rock-salt layer and gas; on heating, high-nickel materials release it in bulk, feeding combustion inside the sealed cell. LFP’s phosphate binds its oxygen far more strongly.",
      "related": [
        "structural-degradation",
        "thermal-runaway",
        "high-nickel",
        "gas-generation",
        "lfp",
        "flammability"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lattice-oxygen-release/",
      "mentions": [
        "lmo",
        "layered-oxide"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
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      "id": "edge:6588",
      "source": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
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      "id": "edge:6589",
      "source": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "target": "term:structural-degradation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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      "id": "edge:6590",
      "source": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "target": "term:thermal-runaway",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:6591",
      "source": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "target": "term:high-nickel",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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      "id": "edge:6592",
      "source": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "target": "term:gas-generation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6593",
      "source": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "target": "term:lfp",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:6594",
      "source": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "target": "term:flammability",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:mentions/lattice-oxygen-release/lmo",
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      "target": "term:lmo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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      "target": "reference:manthiram-cathodes",
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        "scope": "direct technical reference"
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    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-aging",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Aging and degradation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-aging",
        "name": "Aging and degradation",
        "lede": "Why a cell loses capacity and gains resistance, and the mechanisms behind it.",
        "context": "Separate mechanisms, observations and fitted models.",
        "example": "Capacity loss and resistance rise can have different causes; a film-growth curve cannot identify both.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/",
        "lesson_label": "Open aging"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:structural-degradation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Structural degradation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "structural-degradation",
        "name": "Structural degradation",
        "aka": [
          "phase transformation",
          "cation mixing"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Changes in the crystal structure of a positive material as it cycles: layered oxides can rearrange into spinel or rock-salt phases at the surface, with nickel ions migrating into lithium sites. The new phases block lithium transport and raise resistance.",
        "related": [
          "high-nickel",
          "phase-transition",
          "impedance-rise",
          "loss-of-active-material"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/structural-degradation/",
        "mentions": [
          "lmo"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:thermal-runaway",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal runaway",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-runaway",
        "name": "Thermal runaway",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Self-accelerating heating in a cell: heat speeds up reactions that release more heat, until the cell vents, catches fire or ruptures. An internal short, overcharge or external heating can trigger it.",
        "related": [
          "onset-temperature",
          "thermal-propagation",
          "venting",
          "separator-shutdown",
          "thermal-runaway-energy",
          "exothermic"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#short-circuit",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-runaway/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:high-nickel",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "High-nickel cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "high-nickel",
        "name": "High-nickel cathode",
        "aka": [
          "Ni-rich"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A layered oxide with 80 % or more nickel, such as NMC811 or NCA. Nickel raises capacity and lowers cobalt content, but the material is less thermally stable, more sensitive to moisture and ages faster at high voltage.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "nca",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "cei",
          "mid-nickel"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/high-nickel/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "layered-oxide"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:gas-generation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Gas generation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "gas-generation",
        "name": "Gas generation",
        "aka": [
          "gassing"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Formation of gases — ethylene, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide — by electrolyte decomposition, mostly during formation and later under high voltage or temperature. In a pouch cell it shows as swelling; in a can it raises pressure until the vent opens.",
        "related": [
          "swelling",
          "degassing",
          "electrolyte-decomposition",
          "vent",
          "formation"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#gas",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/gas-generation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "pouch-cell"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lfp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LFP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lfp",
        "name": "LFP",
        "aka": [
          "lithium iron phosphate",
          "LiFePO₄"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A positive electrode material, LiFePO₄, giving cells a nominal voltage around 3.2 V, long cycle life and good thermal stability, but less energy per kilogram than nickel-rich oxides. Its flat voltage curve makes state of charge hard to read from voltage alone.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "nmc",
          "lmfp",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "cycle-life"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#voltage",
        "example": {
          "title": "Chemistry is not the whole datasheet",
          "text": "Two LFP products can differ in format, loading, capacity and current limits. Their cathode family alone does not make them interchangeable."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lfp/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "discharge-curve",
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:flammability",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Flammability",
      "properties": {
        "id": "flammability",
        "name": "Flammability",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "The property that makes lithium-ion fires hard to fight: the carbonate solvents have flash points near room temperature, and the positive electrode releases its own oxygen when hot, so the fire does not need air. Solid and non-flammable electrolytes aim to remove this.",
        "related": [
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "solid-state-battery",
          "fire-suppression"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/flammability/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lmo",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LMO",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lmo",
        "name": "LMO",
        "aka": [
          "lithium manganese oxide",
          "spinel"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A manganese spinel positive material, LiMn₂O₄, that is cheap, safe and good at high power but suffers manganese dissolution and short life at elevated temperature. It is often blended with NMC rather than used alone.",
        "related": [
          "transition-metal-dissolution",
          "nmc",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "lnmo"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lmo/",
        "mentions": [
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:layered-oxide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Layered oxide",
      "properties": {
        "id": "layered-oxide",
        "name": "Layered oxide",
        "abbr": "LTMO",
        "aka": [
          "layered transition-metal oxide",
          "α-NaFeO₂ structure",
          "O3 structure",
          "P2 structure"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "The crystal structure of LCO, NMC and NCA: close-packed oxygen layers with lithium and transition-metal ions in alternate layers of octahedral sites, so lithium moves in two-dimensional sheets. The structure offers high capacity and voltage but can distort or mix cations when deeply delithiated. Sodium versions are labelled O3 or P2 by their stacking.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "nca",
          "structural-degradation",
          "spinel-structure",
          "sodium-ion"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/layered-oxide/",
        "mentions": [
          "stacking"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:manthiram-cathodes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
      "properties": {
        "title": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
        "publisher": "Nature Communications",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15355-0",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Layered oxides, spinels and polyanion cathodes; links between composition, structure and performance.",
        "year": 2020,
        "authors": [
          "Arumugam Manthiram"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}