IEC 62281

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ADR, RID and ADN

The international agreements for carrying dangerous goods by road (ADR, under UNECE), rail (RID, under OTIF) and inland waterway (ADN), revised together every two years in line with the UN Model Regulations. They set how lithium cells and batteries are classified, packed, marked and documented on land; the rules for damaged or defective batteries sit in special provisions 376 and 377.

Damaged and defective battery transport

The dangerous-goods rules for moving lithium batteries that are damaged, defective or sent for disposal, set in ADR special provisions 376 and 377: specific packagings, and for batteries liable to react dangerously, packaging approved for that risk. A swollen or crashed pack is never shipped as an ordinary battery.

IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations

The airline industry’s manual for shipping dangerous goods by air, built on the ICAO Technical Instructions and reissued every year. Lithium batteries fall under packing instructions 965–967 for lithium-ion — alone, packed with or inside equipment — and 968–970 for lithium metal. Lithium-ion batteries shipped alone must be at no more than 30 % state of charge; from 2026 so must those packed with equipment above 2.7 Wh.

IEC

The body that publishes the international standards for electrical technology, including IEC 62133 and IEC 62660 for cells and the IEC 60050 vocabulary, whose part 482 defines battery terms. National bodies adopt its standards with local prefixes.

Shipping state of charge

The state of charge at which cells leave the factory and travel, kept low to reduce both calendar aging and the energy available in an incident. Air-freight rules cap lithium-ion cells shipped alone at 30 %, and plants often target 10–20 %.

UN 38.3

The United Nations test sequence that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be shipped: altitude, thermal cycling, vibration, shock, external short, impact or crush, overcharge and forced discharge. Air shipment of cells also caps state of charge at 30 %.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2023

   Topic background · Dangerous-goods classification tests; subsection 38.3 concerns battery transport testing.

2. Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8, Amendment 1

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2025

   Topic background · Amendments to Revision 8, including changes to battery testing in subsection 38.3.