{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Hydrogen–bromine flow battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "name": "Hydrogen–bromine flow battery",
      "abbr": "H₂–Br₂",
      "aka": [
        "HBr flow battery",
        "H2-Br2 flow battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A hybrid flow battery pairing a hydrogen gas electrode, built like a fuel cell’s, with a liquid bromine–bromide electrode, for about 1.1 V. Fast kinetics on both sides give very high power density and hydrobromic acid is cheap; the obstacles are corrosive, toxic bromine attacking the platinum catalyst and membrane, and storing the hydrogen.",
      "related": [
        "flow-battery",
        "fuel-cell",
        "zinc-bromine",
        "iron-chromium-flow-battery",
        "specific-power"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6042",
      "source": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6043",
      "source": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "target": "term:flow-battery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6044",
      "source": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "target": "term:fuel-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6045",
      "source": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "target": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6046",
      "source": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "target": "term:iron-chromium-flow-battery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6047",
      "source": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "target": "term:specific-power",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery/electrode",
      "source": "term:hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery",
      "target": "term:electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:flow-battery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Flow battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "flow-battery",
        "name": "Flow battery",
        "aka": [
          "vanadium redox flow battery",
          "VRFB"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A battery whose energy is stored in liquid electrolytes held in external tanks and pumped through a reaction stack. Energy and power scale independently, which suits long-duration grid storage; vanadium is the most developed chemistry.",
        "related": [
          "stationary-storage",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "redox-reaction",
          "fuel-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/flow-battery/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fuel-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fuel cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fuel-cell",
        "name": "Fuel cell",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "An electrochemical converter that makes electricity from a fuel, usually hydrogen, and oxygen as long as both are supplied, rather than storing energy in its electrodes. Fuel-cell vehicles still carry a battery to buffer power.",
        "related": [
          "flow-battery",
          "hybrid-vehicle",
          "redox-reaction"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fuel-cell/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:zinc-bromine",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Zinc–bromine battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "zinc-bromine",
        "name": "Zinc–bromine battery",
        "abbr": "Zn–Br",
        "aka": [
          "zinc–bromine flow battery",
          "ZBFB"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A hybrid flow battery: on charge, zinc plates onto the negative electrode while bromine forms at the positive and is captured by a complexing agent into an oily phase stored in a tank. The cell gives about 1.8 V from cheap materials, but zinc dendrites, corrosive bromine and periodic full discharges to strip the zinc complicate operation.",
        "related": [
          "flow-battery",
          "dendrite",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "aqueous-zinc-ion",
          "hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/zinc-bromine/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iron-chromium-flow-battery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Iron–chromium flow battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iron-chromium-flow-battery",
        "name": "Iron–chromium flow battery",
        "abbr": "ICFB",
        "aka": [
          "Fe–Cr flow battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The first modern redox flow battery, developed by NASA in the 1970s, using Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ and Cr³⁺/Cr²⁺ couples dissolved in hydrochloric acid for about 1.2 V. Both metals are cheap, but ions cross the membrane and the chromium side evolves hydrogen, so cells run warm with catalysts and rebalancing; vanadium chemistry largely displaced it.",
        "related": [
          "flow-battery",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "redox-reaction",
          "stationary-storage",
          "hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iron-chromium-flow-battery/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:specific-power",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Specific power",
      "properties": {
        "id": "specific-power",
        "name": "Specific power",
        "aka": [
          "power density"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "Deliverable power per unit mass, in watts per kilogram; power density is the same per litre. A cell is designed for energy or for power, rarely both: thin electrodes give power, thick ones give energy.",
        "unit": "W/kg",
        "related": [
          "power",
          "specific-energy",
          "ragone-plot",
          "areal-loading",
          "power-cell-energy-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/specific-power/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}