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      "definition": "China’s mandatory national safety standard for electric-vehicle traction batteries. Its 2025 revision, mandatory from July 2026, requires that a single-cell thermal runaway produce no fire or explosion in the pack, going beyond the five-minute warning of earlier rules.",
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        "id": "topic-standards-vehicle",
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        "lede": "The regulations and standards a vehicle battery must meet to be approved, and the rules for shipping batteries by road, sea and air.",
        "context": "Check issuing organization, edition, scope and market.",
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        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "China’s mandatory safety standard for electric vehicles with high-voltage (class B) systems: high-voltage marking, protection against direct and indirect contact, waterproofing, and requirements on the traction battery, collision protection and charging interfaces. The current edition, GB 18384-2025, applies from July 2026 and also covers underbody protection, warnings and event data recording.",
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        "name": "GB/T 38661",
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "China’s technical specification for battery management systems in electric vehicles: requirements, test methods and inspection rules for the BMS of lithium-ion and nickel–metal hydride traction batteries, in force since October 2020. It gives Chinese vehicle makers and BMS suppliers a shared basis for specifying and testing the control electronics.",
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        "mentions": []
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        "name": "Thermal runaway",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Self-accelerating heating in a cell: heat speeds up reactions that release more heat, until the cell vents, catches fire or ruptures. An internal short, overcharge or external heating can trigger it.",
        "related": [
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#short-circuit",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-runaway/",
        "mentions": [
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}