{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Feedback and feedforward control",
    "properties": {
      "id": "feedback-feedforward-control",
      "name": "Feedback and feedforward control",
      "aka": [
        "closed-loop control",
        "open-loop control",
        "feedback control",
        "feedforward control"
      ],
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "Two ways of deciding a control input. Feedback measures the result and corrects an error after it appears; feedforward acts in advance on a known disturbance or setpoint, using a model. A battery cooling loop may feed forward the heat expected from the requested current and use feedback on cell temperature to trim the remaining error.",
      "related": [
        "pid-controller",
        "plant-model",
        "model-predictive-control",
        "thermal-management",
        "heat-generation"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/feedback-feedforward-control/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5308",
      "source": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5309",
      "source": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
      "target": "term:pid-controller",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5310",
      "source": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
      "target": "term:plant-model",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5311",
      "source": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
      "target": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5312",
      "source": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
      "target": "term:thermal-management",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5313",
      "source": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
      "target": "term:heat-generation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:pid-controller",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "PID controller",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pid-controller",
        "name": "PID controller",
        "abbr": "PID",
        "aka": [
          "proportional–integral–derivative controller",
          "PI controller"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A feedback controller whose output is a weighted sum of the present error, its accumulated integral and its rate of change. It is the workhorse of battery systems — holding coolant temperature with a pump or compressor, regulating charger current and voltage — and often runs as PI only, without the derivative term.",
        "formula": "u = K_p·e + K_i·∫e dt + K_d·de/dt",
        "related": [
          "feedback-feedforward-control",
          "gain-scheduling",
          "thermal-management",
          "plant-model",
          "model-predictive-control"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Separate three controller contributions",
          "text": "For an illustrative error e = 2, accumulated error 3 s and error slope −0.5/s, gains Kp = 1, Ki = 0.5/s and Kd = 0.2 s give u = 2 + 1.5 − 0.1 = 3.4. Output limits and anti-windup are separate design choices."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pid-controller/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "refrigerant-loop"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:plant-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Plant model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "plant-model",
        "name": "Plant model",
        "aka": [
          "system model"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A model of the system being controlled — cells, pack, cooling loop, charger — as distinct from the controller itself. Engineers tune and verify BMS software against it in model-, software- and hardware-in-the-loop tests, so its fidelity, often an equivalent circuit model coupled to a thermal model, limits how much those tests prove.",
        "related": [
          "hil",
          "equivalent-circuit-model",
          "thermal-model",
          "digital-twin",
          "battery-emulator"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/plant-model/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "bms",
          "firmware"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Model predictive control",
      "properties": {
        "id": "model-predictive-control",
        "name": "Model predictive control",
        "abbr": "MPC",
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Control that uses a model to predict the system’s behaviour over a short horizon, chooses the input sequence that best meets a goal within constraints, applies the first step and repeats. In batteries it suits fast charging — the most current possible without breaching voltage or temperature limits or risking lithium plating — at a higher computing cost than PID.",
        "related": [
          "plant-model",
          "pid-controller",
          "fast-charging",
          "lithium-plating",
          "thermal-management",
          "equivalent-circuit-model"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/model-predictive-control/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:thermal-management",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal management",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-management",
        "name": "Thermal management",
        "abbr": "TMS",
        "aka": [
          "battery thermal management system",
          "BTMS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-thermal",
        "definition": "Keeping cells in their comfortable range, roughly 15–35 °C, and within a few degrees of each other: liquid cooling plates, refrigerant plates or immersion for heat removal, and heaters or waste heat for warming before fast charging in the cold.",
        "related": [
          "cooling-plate",
          "thermal-interface-material",
          "operating-temperature",
          "heat-generation",
          "preconditioning",
          "temperature-sensor"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-management/",
        "mentions": [
          "fast-charging"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:heat-generation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Heat generation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "heat-generation",
        "name": "Heat generation",
        "aka": [
          "Bernardi equation"
        ],
        "section": "topic-thermal",
        "definition": "The heat a cell produces in operation: an irreversible part equal to current times overpotential, and a reversible part from the entropy change, I·T·dE/dT. The Bernardi equation sums them and feeds every thermal model.",
        "formula": "q = I(V − E_OCV) + I·T·(dE/dT)",
        "unit": "W",
        "related": [
          "entropy-coefficient",
          "internal-resistance",
          "thermal-model",
          "thermal-management",
          "exothermic"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep reversible and irreversible heat separate",
          "text": "With charging current +5 A and terminal voltage 0.10 V above OCV, the irreversible term is 0.50 W. At 300 K with dE/dT = +0.1 mV/K, the reversible contribution is +0.15 W, giving 0.65 W under this sign convention."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/heat-generation/",
        "mentions": [
          "overpotential"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}