Equipotential bonding

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Relate protection to faults, detection and response.

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Enclosure

The sealed case that carries the modules, protects them in a crash, keeps water out to an IP67 rating or better and vents gas in a thermal event. In many cars it is a structural part of the body.

Extra-low voltage

Voltage low enough to need reduced shock protection: at most 50 V AC rms or 120 V ripple-free DC under IEC 61140. SELV is separated from higher voltages and from earth; PELV is separated but earthed; FELV is low in value only, without protective separation, so it is protected like the circuit feeding it. Vehicle rules draw their line lower, at 60 V DC.

Insulation fault

An unintended low-resistance path between a high-voltage conductor and the chassis, from damaged insulation, coolant leaks or moisture. A vehicle’s high-voltage system floats free of the chassis, so a single fault drives no current; a second on the other pole completes a circuit through the chassis. The insulation monitor therefore flags the first before a second can arise.

Insulation resistance

The resistance between the high-voltage circuit and the vehicle chassis, which must stay above about 100 Ω per volt of pack voltage so a person touching the chassis is safe. An insulation monitoring device measures it continuously.

UN Regulation No. 100

The UNECE type-approval regulation for the electric powertrain of cars, buses and trucks, covering protection against electric shock and, in part II, the rechargeable energy storage system itself. A vehicle sold in the EU and most of the world must carry an R100 approval for its battery.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. ISO 26262-1:2018 — Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 1: Vocabulary

   International Organization for Standardization · 2018

   Topic background · Scope and terminology of automotive electrical/electronic functional safety. The catalogue is not the full standard.