Copper dissolution

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Copper foil

The negative current collector, typically 6–10 µm thick. Copper is used because it is stable at the low potential of a graphite electrode, where aluminium would alloy with lithium.

Current-collector corrosion

Attack on the foils: aluminium pitting at high potential when the passive film fails, or copper dissolving if the negative electrode is driven above about 3.5 V vs Li/Li⁺ by over-discharge. Both raise resistance and can shed metal into the cell.

Internal short circuit

An unintended electronic path between the electrodes inside a cell — through a metal particle, a burr, a damaged separator or lithium deposits. It discharges the cell internally and turns its energy into local heat.

Over-discharge

Discharging below the lower cutoff voltage. Near 1.5 V the copper current collector begins to dissolve, and on the next charge it can redeposit as metal that shorts the cell, so a deeply discharged cell should not simply be recharged.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know

   Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · 2021

   Technical reference · Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.