Copper foil

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Connect each material with its function.

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Aluminium foil

The positive current collector, typically 10–15 µm thick. A thin passive film keeps it stable at the high potential of the positive electrode, where copper would corrode.

Copper dissolution

Oxidation of the copper current collector when a cell is over-discharged and the negative electrode’s potential rises too high. Dissolved copper redeposits on recharge as metallic filaments that can short the separator, which is why over-discharged cells are not simply recharged.

Current collector

The thin metal foil that carries electrons between an electrode and the external circuit — usually copper on the negative side and aluminium on the positive side.

Over-discharge

Discharging below the lower cutoff voltage. Near 1.5 V the copper current collector begins to dissolve, and on the next charge it can redeposit as metal that shorts the cell, so a deeply discharged cell should not simply be recharged.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing

   Yangtao Liu, Ruihan Zhang, Jun Wang, Yan Wang · iScience · 2021

   Technical reference · Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

2. DOE Explains… Batteries

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Topic background · Introductory account of electrodes, electrolyte and conversion between chemical and electrical energy.