Capacity retention

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Capacity fade

The loss of charge a cell can store and deliver, for example through lithium locked into the SEI or active material that has cracked out of service.

Cycle life

The number of full charge–discharge cycles a cell completes before its capacity falls to a stated fraction, usually 80 %, of its initial value under defined conditions. LFP cells reach several thousand cycles; high-energy NMC fewer.

End of life

The point at which a cell no longer meets its application’s requirement, conventionally 80 % of initial capacity or a doubling of resistance. It is a definition for warranties and tests, not a point where the cell stops working.

Operating temperature

The temperature range a cell may be charged and discharged in, typically 0–45 °C for charging and −20–60 °C for discharging. Charging below 0 °C risks lithium plating; above the range the cell ages fast and may vent.

State of health

A summary of how far a cell has aged, often expressed through remaining capacity or increased resistance compared with when it was new. By convention a cell has reached end of life at 80 % of its rated capacity.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know

   Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · 2021

   Topic background · Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.