Ultrasonic cell testing

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End-of-line testing

The final measurements on every finished cell — capacity, internal resistance and open-circuit voltage — used to reject faulty cells and sort good ones into matched grades.

Gas generation

Formation of gases — ethylene, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide — by electrolyte decomposition, mostly during formation and later under high voltage or temperature. In a pouch cell it shows as swelling; in a can it raises pressure until the vent opens.

Lithium plating

Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.

State of charge

How full a cell is, as a fraction of its available capacity. State of charge, like temperature, affects how fast a stored cell ages.

Wetting

The soaking of electrolyte into every pore of the electrodes and separator after filling. It can take hours or more; a pore left dry is electrode area that never works properly.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Battery Test Manual For Electric Vehicles, Revision 3

   Jon P. Christopherson · Idaho National Laboratory · 2015

   Topic background · Performance characterization, pulse resistance/power, life testing and reference performance tests; historical 2015 edition.