Superionic conductor

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Connect transport with electronic isolation.

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Ionic conductivity

How readily an electrolyte carries ions, in siemens per centimetre. Liquid carbonate electrolytes reach about 10 mS/cm at room temperature; the best sulfide solid electrolytes match that, while polymers fall far short unless heated.

LLZO

The leading oxide solid electrolyte, a garnet-structured Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ stable against lithium metal. It conducts about 1 mS/cm but is brittle and needs sintering above 1000 °C, which drives its production route.

NASICON electrolyte

Oxide solid electrolytes with the sodium-superionic-conductor structure, such as lithium aluminium titanium phosphate. They are stable in air and against high-voltage cathodes but are reduced by lithium metal, so they need a protective interlayer.

Solid electrolyte

A solid ion conductor that replaces the liquid electrolyte in an all-solid-state cell. Oxide, sulfide, halide and polymer families each need a different production route.

Solid-state battery

A cell whose electrolyte is a solid rather than a liquid. It removes the flammable solvent and may allow a lithium-metal anode, but needs intimate solid–solid contact and, for most chemistries, stack pressure to keep it.

Sulfide electrolyte

The solid electrolyte family with the highest conductivity — argyrodites such as Li₆PS₅Cl match liquids, and LGPS exceeds them — and soft enough to be pressed rather than sintered. Their weakness is reaction with moisture, which releases hydrogen sulfide.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

   Kang Xu · Chemical Reviews · 2014

   Topic background · Electrolyte salts, solvents, additives and electrode interphases.