Split-pack charging

Example

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Use in Lemonergy

Separate regulation from availability.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

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Contactor

A heavy-duty electrically operated switch that connects the pack to the vehicle or inverter and opens it on fault or shutdown. Packs use at least two, one per pole, plus a pre-charge path to avoid welding them on the first connection.

DC/DC converter

The power electronics that step the high-voltage pack down to 12 V or 48 V for the auxiliary systems, replacing the alternator of a combustion car. Boost converters also appear between an 800 V pack and a 400 V charger.

DC fast charging

Charging from a station that supplies DC straight to the pack, bypassing the car’s onboard charger, at 50 kW to over 350 kW. The BMS, not the charger, sets the current from moment to moment, which is why the charge curve tapers as the pack fills.

High-power charging

DC charging at 150 kW and above, up to about 400 kW for cars, usually at 800–1000 V so the current stays within what cable and connector can carry. Liquid-cooled cables make the currents of 500 A and more practical.

Pack voltage

The nominal voltage of the full series string, about 400 V in most electric cars and 800 V in newer ones. Doubling the voltage halves the current for the same power, so cables, connectors and losses shrink and charging can be faster.

Series and parallel connection

Cells in series add their voltages; cells in parallel add their capacities and share current. A pack is described as, for example, 96s4p: 96 groups in series, each of 4 cells in parallel. Series strings need balancing; parallel groups self-balance through their shared terminals.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review

   Anna Tomaszewska et al. · eTransportation · 2019

   Topic background · CC-CV and alternative charging protocols, transport limitations, degradation and thermal implications; results depend on cell and test conditions. Software behavior is documented separately in Lemonergy block references.