Battery knowledge · Modules, packs and battery management
Series and parallel connection
Cells in series add their voltages; cells in parallel add their capacities and share current. A pack is described as, for example, 96s4p: 96 groups in series, each of 4 cells in parallel. Series strings need balancing; parallel groups self-balance through their shared terminals.
- Also called
- xSyP
- Relationship
- V = n_s·V_cell, Q = n_p·Q_cell
Example
Assemble an ideal 4s2p pack
Eight identical 3.6 V, 5 Ah cells arranged as four series groups with two cells in parallel give 14.4 V nominal, 10 Ah and 144 Wh. Interconnect losses, cell variation and usable voltage limits are additional constraints.
Explore the graph
Count series and parallel connections separately.
4S2P: 8 cells, 14.8 V, 10 Ah, 148 Wh.
V_pack = Ns V_cell; Q_pack = Np Q_cell
Illustrative model. Identical 3.7 V, 5 Ah cells; ideal equal current sharing and no losses.
Use in Lemonergy
Make series/parallel architecture explicit.
This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.
References & further reading
Further reading on this topic
These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.
- Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 2. Modeling and identification
Gregory L. Plett · Journal of Power Sources · 2004
Topic background · Battery charge balance, open-circuit voltage, ohmic loss, polarization dynamics and model identification; parameters require cell-specific data.
- Getting Started with the BQ76925
Texas Instruments · 2019
Topic background · A concrete BMS analog front-end example: cell voltage, current, temperature measurement and MCU integration.