New energy vehicle

Example

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Electric vehicle

A vehicle driven by an electric motor from a battery charged from the grid. A battery electric vehicle has no engine; it is the largest market for lithium-ion cells and the driver of most pack technology.

Fuel cell

An electrochemical converter that makes electricity from a fuel, usually hydrogen, and oxygen as long as both are supplied, rather than storing energy in its electrodes. Fuel-cell vehicles still carry a battery to buffer power.

Hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicle

A hybrid pairs an engine with a small battery, around 1 kWh, that is cycled hard for power rather than energy; a plug-in hybrid adds a 10–25 kWh pack that can be charged from the grid for electric-only driving. Their cells are designed for power and life rather than energy.

Range-extended electric vehicle

An electric vehicle whose wheels are always driven by the electric motor, with a small combustion engine acting only as a generator to recharge the battery or feed the motor when the battery runs low. Its pack is usually larger than a plug-in hybrid’s, so most daily driving is electric; China counts such vehicles as new energy vehicles.

Zero-emission vehicle

A vehicle with no tailpipe emissions in any mode of operation — in practice battery-electric and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles. The category underpins sales mandates, going back to California’s ZEV programme of 1990, that require a growing share of new sales to qualify; plug-in hybrids count only partly, if at all.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.