Hardware-in-the-loop

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Separate quantities from encoding and transport.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

Connected concepts

Related concepts from the knowledge graph. Connections show context, not cause and effect. Hover or focus a linked term for its definition.

Battery and cell emulator

A programmable power source that behaves like a battery or like each cell of a string, so a BMS or charger can be tested at any voltage, state of charge or fault without real cells. Cell emulators drive every AFE input separately.

Battery management unit

The master controller of a battery management system: it collects cell voltages and temperatures from the monitoring boards, runs the state estimation and protection logic, drives the contactors and talks to the vehicle. In some architectures the same name is used for a per-module slave, so a datasheet’s block diagram is the safe reference.

Equivalent circuit model

A cell model built from a voltage source for OCV, a series resistor and one or more RC pairs for the slower dynamics. Its few parameters are fitted from pulse tests, and it is what most battery management systems run in real time.

Fault injection testing

Deliberately introducing faults — a broken sense wire, a stuck temperature reading, a welded contactor, a lost CAN message — into a BMS or pack to prove each is detected and brought to a safe state in time. Functional-safety standards such as ISO 26262 expect it, and HIL rigs make it safe and repeatable.

Field-programmable gate array

A chip whose logic is configured after manufacture, best known from Xilinx, now AMD, and Intel. In battery work it appears where timing must be exact and fast: test-bench and HIL simulators that emulate cells in microseconds, high-speed data acquisition, and some fast protection and power-electronics control.

Functional safety

The discipline, standardised for vehicles in ISO 26262, of making sure electronic failures do not cause harm. Battery functions such as overvoltage protection are classified by risk into ASIL levels A to D, which set how redundant and verified their hardware and software must be.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. 3rd generation of the CAN data link layer

   CAN in Automation, CAN Newsletter · 2020

   Topic background · Classical CAN, CAN FD and CAN XL data-link concepts; publication describes the 2020 state.

2. Getting Started with the BQ76925

   Texas Instruments · 2019

   Topic background · A concrete BMS analog front-end example: cell voltage, current, temperature measurement and MCU integration.