{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:hil",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Hardware-in-the-loop",
    "properties": {
      "id": "hil",
      "name": "Hardware-in-the-loop",
      "abbr": "HIL",
      "aka": [
        "SIL",
        "MIL",
        "software-in-the-loop",
        "model-in-the-loop"
      ],
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "Testing a real BMS controller against a real-time simulation of the battery, vehicle and charger, so faults that would be dangerous on real cells can be injected safely. It follows model-in-the-loop and software-in-the-loop, where the same logic is tested as a model or as code on a PC.",
      "related": [
        "battery-emulator",
        "fpga",
        "bmu",
        "functional-safety",
        "equivalent-circuit-model",
        "fault-injection-testing"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/hil/",
      "mentions": [
        "charger",
        "bms"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:4097",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4098",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "term:battery-emulator",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4099",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "term:fpga",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4100",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "term:bmu",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4101",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "term:functional-safety",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4102",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "term:equivalent-circuit-model",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4103",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "term:fault-injection-testing",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/hil/charger",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "term:charger",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/hil/bms",
      "source": "term:hil",
      "target": "term:bms",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:battery-emulator",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery and cell emulator",
      "properties": {
        "id": "battery-emulator",
        "name": "Battery and cell emulator",
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A programmable power source that behaves like a battery or like each cell of a string, so a BMS or charger can be tested at any voltage, state of charge or fault without real cells. Cell emulators drive every AFE input separately.",
        "related": [
          "hil",
          "afe",
          "fpga",
          "cycler"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/battery-emulator/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fpga",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Field-programmable gate array",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fpga",
        "name": "Field-programmable gate array",
        "abbr": "FPGA",
        "aka": [
          "Xilinx",
          "AMD FPGA"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A chip whose logic is configured after manufacture, best known from Xilinx, now AMD, and Intel. In battery work it appears where timing must be exact and fast: test-bench and HIL simulators that emulate cells in microseconds, high-speed data acquisition, and some fast protection and power-electronics control.",
        "related": [
          "hil",
          "mcu",
          "adc",
          "battery-emulator"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fpga/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bmu",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery management unit",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bmu",
        "name": "Battery management unit",
        "abbr": "BMU",
        "aka": [
          "BMS master",
          "master BMS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The master controller of a battery management system: it collects cell voltages and temperatures from the monitoring boards, runs the state estimation and protection logic, drives the contactors and talks to the vehicle. In some architectures the same name is used for a per-module slave, so a datasheet’s block diagram is the safe reference.",
        "related": [
          "bms",
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "bcu",
          "contactor",
          "can-bus",
          "bms-power-modes"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bmu/",
        "mentions": [
          "datasheet"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:functional-safety",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Functional safety",
      "properties": {
        "id": "functional-safety",
        "name": "Functional safety",
        "abbr": "ISO 26262",
        "aka": [
          "ASIL"
        ],
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "The discipline, standardised for vehicles in ISO 26262, of making sure electronic failures do not cause harm. Battery functions such as overvoltage protection are classified by risk into ASIL levels A to D, which set how redundant and verified their hardware and software must be.",
        "related": [
          "bms",
          "high-voltage-interlock",
          "insulation-resistance",
          "fmea",
          "mcu",
          "iso-13849"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/functional-safety/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:equivalent-circuit-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Equivalent circuit model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "equivalent-circuit-model",
        "name": "Equivalent circuit model",
        "abbr": "ECM",
        "aka": [
          "Thevenin model"
        ],
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "A cell model built from a voltage source for OCV, a series resistor and one or more RC pairs for the slower dynamics. Its few parameters are fitted from pulse tests, and it is what most battery management systems run in real time.",
        "related": [
          "rc-pair",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "hppc",
          "kalman-filter",
          "single-particle-model"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/equivalent-circuit-model/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fault-injection-testing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fault injection testing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fault-injection-testing",
        "name": "Fault injection testing",
        "aka": [
          "fault insertion test",
          "fault injection"
        ],
        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "Deliberately introducing faults — a broken sense wire, a stuck temperature reading, a welded contactor, a lost CAN message — into a BMS or pack to prove each is detected and brought to a safe state in time. Functional-safety standards such as ISO 26262 expect it, and HIL rigs make it safe and repeatable.",
        "related": [
          "functional-safety",
          "hil",
          "bms",
          "fmea",
          "battery-emulator",
          "dtc"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fault-injection-testing/",
        "mentions": [
          "contactor",
          "contactor-weld-detection"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:charger",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Charger",
      "properties": {
        "id": "charger",
        "name": "Charger",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The power electronics that convert mains or DC supply into the controlled current and voltage a battery needs. For lithium-ion it runs the CC-CV profile within the limits the BMS communicates, and stops rather than floats when the cell is full.",
        "related": [
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "bms",
          "onboard-charger",
          "dc-fast-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charger/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bms",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery management system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bms",
        "name": "Battery management system",
        "abbr": "BMS",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "cell-balancing",
          "state-of-power",
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "contactor",
          "can-bus"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-health",
          "cell-voltage"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}