High-concentration electrolyte

Example

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Connect transport with electronic isolation.

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Acetonitrile electrolyte

An electrolyte based on acetonitrile, CH₃CN, a solvent of very low viscosity and high polarity that gives excellent ionic conductivity. It is standard in supercapacitors, but in lithium-ion cells it is reduced on graphite unless the salt is superconcentrated, an approach shown to allow very fast charging. It is flammable and toxic.

Aqueous battery

Any battery whose electrolyte is water-based, from lead–acid and nickel–metal hydride to aqueous zinc-ion and sodium-ion designs. Water is cheap, non-flammable and highly conductive, but it splits at 1.23 V in theory and around 2 V in practice, which caps cell voltage and energy density.

Fluorinated electrolyte

An electrolyte whose solvents largely carry fluorine — fluorinated carbonates such as FEC, or fluorinated ethers used as diluents. Fluorine draws electron density from the solvent, raising its oxidation stability towards 5 V, and its reduction leaves a lithium-fluoride-rich SEI. That suits high-voltage cathodes and lithium metal, at higher cost and with PFAS concerns.

Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide

A salt with higher conductivity and far better thermal and moisture stability than LiPF₆, increasingly blended with it or used in fast-charge and lithium-metal electrolytes. Its drawback is corrosion of aluminium at high voltage unless LiPF₆ is also present.

Lithium salt

The dissolved salt that supplies the mobile lithium ions in a liquid electrolyte, almost always lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF₆, at about one mole per litre. It reacts with traces of water to form hydrofluoric acid, which is why cells are filled in a dry room.

Solvation and desolvation

A lithium ion in a liquid electrolyte travels wrapped in a shell of solvent molecules and must shed it, at an energy cost, before entering graphite. Desolvation is a large part of charge-transfer resistance, especially in the cold.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

   Kang Xu · Chemical Reviews · 2014

   Topic background · Electrolyte salts, solvents, additives and electrode interphases.