Equivalent lithium content

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Competent authority approval

Written permission from a national authority designated under dangerous-goods law to ship what the standard provisions do not allow. By air under the IATA DGR, prototype lithium batteries not yet tested to UN 38.3, or batteries over 35 kg on cargo aircraft, need approval from the State of Origin; by road, an authority can authorise conditions for critically defective batteries.

Lithium-metal battery

A rechargeable cell whose negative electrode is lithium metal rather than a host material. It promises much higher energy density than lithium-ion, but lithium deposits unevenly on charge, so dendrites and short life have kept it from the mass market.

Shipping state of charge

The state of charge at which cells leave the factory and travel, kept low to reduce both calendar aging and the energy available in an incident. Air-freight rules cap lithium-ion cells shipped alone at 30 %, and plants often target 10–20 %.

UN 38.3

The United Nations test sequence that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be shipped: altitude, thermal cycling, vibration, shock, external short, impact or crush, overcharge and forced discharge. Air shipment of cells also caps state of charge at 30 %.

Watt-hour

A unit of energy: one watt for one hour, or 3600 joules. A cell’s nominal energy in watt-hours is its capacity in ampere-hours times its nominal voltage — 20 Ah at 3.65 V is 73 Wh.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2023

   Topic background · Dangerous-goods classification tests; subsection 38.3 concerns battery transport testing.

2. Manual of Tests and Criteria, Revision 8, Amendment 1

   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe · 2025

   Topic background · Amendments to Revision 8, including changes to battery testing in subsection 38.3.