Electrolyte leakage

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Alkaline cell

The common 1.5 V single-use cell, with a zinc negative electrode and manganese dioxide positive in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. It is the reference point for most people’s idea of a battery, and is not rechargeable.

Altitude simulation test

Storing cells or batteries at low air pressure to show they survive unpressurised air freight without leaking, venting or rupturing. UN 38.3 test T1 holds them at 11.6 kPa or less — the pressure at about 15 000 m — for at least six hours at room temperature.

Electrolyte

The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.

UN 38.3

The United Nations test sequence that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be shipped: altitude, thermal cycling, vibration, shock, external short, impact or crush, overcharge and forced discharge. Air shipment of cells also caps state of charge at 30 %.

Vent

A scored area or a membrane in the cell can that opens at a set pressure, around ten to thirty bar for a cylindrical cell, so that gas escapes in a chosen direction instead of the case splitting at random.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review

   Xuning Feng et al. · Energy Storage Materials · 2018

   Topic background · Electrical, mechanical and thermal abuse; thermal-runaway mechanisms and propagation.