Cryo-electron microscopy

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Dendrite

A tree-like metal deposit that can grow from the negative electrode through the separator, raising self-discharge or causing an internal short circuit.

Focused ion beam SEM

A scanning electron microscope paired with an ion beam that mills material away at a chosen spot. It cuts clean cross-sections through particles and coatings, lifts out thin slices for TEM, and by alternately milling and imaging rebuilds an electrode’s microstructure in 3D for porosity and tortuosity.

Lithium metal anode

A negative electrode made of lithium metal itself. It stores about ten times more charge per gram than graphite, which is the main attraction of solid-state cells, but it is reactive and prone to uneven deposits.

Solid–electrolyte interphase

A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.

Transmission electron microscopy

Imaging by passing an electron beam through a specimen thinner than about 100 nm, fine enough to resolve rows of atoms. It reveals the nanometre-thick rock-salt layer that forms on aged nickel-rich particles, the structure of SEI and CEI, and cracks within particles; specimens are usually thinned with a focused ion beam.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Advanced characterization techniques for solid state lithium battery research

   Yuxuan Xiang, Xia Li, Yongqiang Cheng, Xueliang Sun, Yong Yang · Materials Today · 2020

   Topic background · X-ray, solid-state NMR and neutron methods in solid-state battery research.