{ "node": { "id": "term:co2-equivalent", "type": "Term", "label": "CO₂-equivalent", "properties": { "id": "co2-equivalent", "name": "CO₂-equivalent", "abbr": "CO₂e", "aka": [ "carbon dioxide equivalent", "CO2e", "CO2-equivalent", "CO2eq" ], "section": "topic-sustainability", "definition": "The common unit for greenhouse gases: each gas’s mass multiplied by its global warming potential, so that a mix of emissions is expressed as the mass of carbon dioxide with the same warming effect. One kilogram of fossil methane counts as about 30 kg CO₂e; battery carbon footprints are quoted in kg CO₂e per kWh.", "formula": "CO₂e = Σ mᵢ · GWPᵢ", "unit": "kg CO₂e", "related": [ "global-warming-potential", "carbon-footprint", "carbon-footprint-declaration", "scope-emissions" ], "example": { "title": "Apply a stated emissions factor", "text": "For a hypothetical inventory with 10 kg CO₂ and 1 kg of another gas assigned a chosen GWP of 25, the total is 35 kg CO₂e. Record the assessment source and time horizon; the illustrative factor 25 is not a universal value." }, "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/co2-equivalent/", "mentions": [ "kilowatt-hour" ] } }, "edges": [ { "id": "edge:6927", "source": "term:co2-equivalent", "target": "topic:topic-sustainability", "type": "belongsTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json" } }, { "id": "edge:6928", "source": "term:co2-equivalent", "target": "term:global-warming-potential", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:6929", "source": "term:co2-equivalent", "target": "term:carbon-footprint", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:6930", "source": "term:co2-equivalent", "target": "term:carbon-footprint-declaration", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:6931", "source": "term:co2-equivalent", "target": "term:scope-emissions", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:mentions/co2-equivalent/kilowatt-hour", "source": "term:co2-equivalent", "target": "term:kilowatt-hour", "type": "mentions", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions", "field": "definition", "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:6933", "source": "term:co2-equivalent", "target": "visual:emissions-accounting", "type": "illustratedBy", "properties": { "sourceFile": "visual-pages.json" } }, { "id": "edge:6934", "source": "term:co2-equivalent", "target": "reference:ipcc-glossary", "type": "cites", "properties": { "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json", "scope": "direct technical reference" } } ], "neighbors": [ { "id": "topic:topic-sustainability", "type": "Topic", "label": "Supply chain and regulation", "properties": { "id": "topic-sustainability", "name": "Supply chain and regulation", "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.", "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.", "example": "Carbon footprints can be compared only with compatible boundaries and functional units.", "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/", "lesson_label": "Open production context" } }, { "id": "term:global-warming-potential", "type": "Term", "label": "Global warming potential", "properties": { "id": "global-warming-potential", "name": "Global warming potential", "abbr": "GWP", "aka": [ "GWP100" ], "section": "topic-sustainability", "definition": "How much heat a greenhouse gas traps over a set horizon, usually 100 years, relative to the same mass of carbon dioxide. On IPCC AR6 values fossil methane scores about 30, nitrous oxide 273 and sulfur hexafluoride about 25 000; multiplying each emission by its GWP gives the CO₂-equivalent totals of a battery’s carbon footprint.", "related": [ "co2-equivalent", "carbon-footprint", "life-cycle-assessment", "product-environmental-footprint" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/global-warming-potential/", "mentions": [] } }, { "id": "term:carbon-footprint", "type": "Term", "label": "Battery carbon footprint", "properties": { "id": "carbon-footprint", "name": "Battery carbon footprint", "section": "topic-sustainability", "definition": "The greenhouse gases emitted to make a battery, typically 50–100 kg CO₂-equivalent per kWh, dominated by cathode materials and the electricity used in cell production. The EU regulation requires it to be declared and will later cap it.", "unit": "kg CO₂e/kWh", "related": [ "life-cycle-assessment", "eu-battery-regulation", "battery-passport", "gigafactory", "carbon-footprint-declaration" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/carbon-footprint/", "mentions": [ "kilowatt-hour", "cathode", "cell-production", "co2-equivalent" ] } }, { "id": "term:carbon-footprint-declaration", "type": "Term", "label": "Carbon footprint declaration", "properties": { "id": "carbon-footprint-declaration", "name": "Carbon footprint declaration", "section": "topic-sustainability", "definition": "The first lifecycle obligation of the EU Battery Regulation for EV, industrial and LMT batteries: a declared carbon footprint per kWh calculated to a harmonised method, followed by performance classes and, later, a maximum threshold above which a battery cannot be sold.", "unit": "kg CO₂e/kWh", "related": [ "carbon-footprint", "eu-battery-regulation", "life-cycle-assessment", "battery-passport" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/carbon-footprint-declaration/", "mentions": [ "kilowatt-hour" ] } }, { "id": "term:scope-emissions", "type": "Term", "label": "Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions", "properties": { "id": "scope-emissions", "name": "Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions", "aka": [ "Scope 1", "Scope 2", "Scope 3", "GHG Protocol scopes" ], "section": "topic-sustainability", "definition": "The Greenhouse Gas Protocol’s split of a company’s emissions: Scope 1 from sources it owns, such as furnaces and vehicles; Scope 2 from the electricity and heat it buys; Scope 3 from everything else in its value chain. For a carmaker, its cell suppliers’ emissions are Scope 3, as are those of the cars it sells while they are driven.", "related": [ "carbon-footprint", "co2-equivalent", "battery-value-chain", "life-cycle-assessment" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/scope-emissions/", "mentions": [] } }, { "id": "term:kilowatt-hour", "type": "Term", "label": "Kilowatt-hour", "properties": { "id": "kilowatt-hour", "name": "Kilowatt-hour", "abbr": "kWh", "section": "topic-units", "definition": "One thousand watt-hours, the unit for pack and system energy. An electric car carries 40–100 kWh; grid storage is quoted in megawatt-hours (1000 kWh) and factory output in gigawatt-hours per year.", "unit": "kWh", "related": [ "watt-hour", "nominal-energy", "cost-per-kwh", "gigafactory" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/kilowatt-hour/", "mentions": [] } }, { "id": "visual:emissions-accounting", "type": "Visual", "label": "A warming factor converts an emission mass", "properties": { "title": "A warming factor converts an emission mass", "summary": "Multiply each gas mass by the chosen global-warming-potential factor, then sum contributions.", "readout": "2 kg × the selected factor 25 = 50 kg CO₂e.", "formula": "CO₂e = Σ mass_i × GWP_i", "note": "The adjustable factor is a teaching input, not a recommended value for a named gas. Real GWP factors depend on the reporting source and time horizon.", "software": { "status": "reference", "label": "Reference concept", "body": "This is an accounting illustration. It does not supply an emissions inventory, choose a reporting method or calculate a certified battery carbon footprint.", "href": "../chapter-1/" }, "html": "
One contribution to CO₂-equivalent
One contribution to CO₂-equivalentEmission mass (kg) versus Contribution (kg CO₂e). Mass × selected factor. Interpretation follows the graphs.0062.52.512551887.525010Emission mass (kg)Contribution (kg CO₂e)
Mass × selected factor
" } }, { "id": "reference:ipcc-glossary", "type": "Reference", "label": "Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Glossary", "properties": { "title": "Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Glossary", "publisher": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "url": "https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/glossary/", "type": "Scientific glossary", "scope": "Climate terminology, emissions metrics and global warming potential.", "year": 2019, "accessed": "2026-10-27" } } ] }