Battery as a service

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Start with mission energy, peak power and operating conditions.

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Battery swapping

Replacing a vehicle’s depleted battery with a charged one at a station in a few minutes, so the battery is charged slowly and separately. It is used for taxis, two-wheelers and some trucks; it requires standardised packs and turns the battery into a shared, leased asset.

Electric vehicle

A vehicle driven by an electric motor from a battery charged from the grid. A battery electric vehicle has no engine; it is the largest market for lithium-ion cells and the driver of most pack technology.

State of health

A summary of how far a cell has aged, often expressed through remaining capacity or increased resistance compared with when it was new. By convention a cell has reached end of life at 80 % of its rated capacity.

Total cost of ownership

Purchase price plus energy, maintenance and residual value over a vehicle’s or system’s life. For buses and trucks it is the figure that decides the case for batteries, because fuel and maintenance savings repay the higher purchase price.

Battery warranty

The manufacturer’s guarantee of capacity retention over time, for electric cars typically 70 % after 8 years or 160 000 km. It is written against state of health as the BMS reports it, which makes the SOH algorithm a contractual matter.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.