Aging model

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Arrhenius law

The rule that a rate constant is proportional to exp(−Ea/RT), so a thermally activated reaction speeds up steeply with temperature. Near room temperature many degradation reactions roughly double their rate for every +10 °C.

Calendar aging

Degradation that happens with time even when a cell is not cycled — in storage, for example. It is driven mainly by side reactions such as SEI growth and accelerates with temperature.

Cycle aging

Degradation caused by charging and discharging: mechanical strain in the particles, fresh SEI on cracked surfaces and, at high rate or low temperature, lithium plating. It scales with charge throughput and grows with depth of discharge and C-rate.

Digital twin

A model of a specific battery, kept in step with its real counterpart by live data, used to estimate state, predict life and plan operation. The term is used loosely; a model only earns it when it is continuously updated from the asset.

Remaining useful life

A prediction of how many cycles, or how much time, a battery has left before reaching end of life. It is estimated from the trend of state of health, and is uncertain near a knee point where fade accelerates.

Square-root-of-time law

The observation that SEI-driven capacity loss in storage grows roughly with the square root of time, because the growing film slows its own growth. A cell that lost 4 % in its first year will lose about 1.7 % more in the second.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell

   Marc Doyle, Thomas F. Fuller, John Newman · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · 1993

   Topic background · Porous-electrode transport and insertion-cell modeling; foundational work rather than a specification for a particular commercial cell.

2. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition, 2nd printing

   IUPAC · 2011

   Topic background · Physical-chemistry notation, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and transport quantities.