Battery knowledge · Other and emerging chemistries
Sulfation
The growth of hard lead sulfate crystals on lead–acid plates when a battery is left discharged, which no longer convert back on charging. It is the usual way a neglected lead–acid battery dies, and has no counterpart in lithium-ion.
Example
Other and emerging chemistries: an example situation
Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.
Read Sulfation alongside Flooded lead–acid in this context. The traditional lead–acid construction with free liquid electrolyte, vents and removable caps for topping up with water. It is cheap and tolerant of overcharge but must stay upright and be maintained.
Use in Lemonergy
Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.
This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.
References & further reading
Further reading on this topic
These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.
- Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities
Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016
Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.
- DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
Sandia National Laboratories · 2013
Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.