Relative humidity

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Condensation control

Keeping liquid water out of a sealed pack that breathes as it heats and cools. Air drawn in through the pressure-equalisation vent can condense on surfaces chilled below its dew point, so designs combine membrane vents that pass air but not water, desiccant cartridges that soak up moisture, and coolant control that avoids over-chilling.

Dew point

The temperature at which the water vapour in air would start to condense, the standard way of specifying dry-room humidity. A −40 °C dew point corresponds to about 0.5 % relative humidity at room temperature.

Dry room

A production room whose air is kept extremely dry — dew points around −30 °C to −60 °C — so that no moisture reaches the cell while the electrolyte goes in. Water would react with the salt LiPF₆ to form hydrofluoric acid.

Moisture content

The water left in electrodes, separator and electrolyte, measured by Karl Fischer titration and specified in the low hundreds of parts per million or below. Water forms HF with the salt, which attacks the positive electrode and the SEI.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. A General Energy Balance for Battery Systems

   Dawn Bernardi, Ellen Pawlikowski, John Newman · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · 1985

   Topic background · Battery energy balance and irreversible and reversible heat contributions. Reduced thermal models require explicit assumptions and current-sign conventions.

2. University Physics Volume 2, §1.6: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

   OpenStax, Rice University

   Topic background · Conduction, convection, radiation and thermal resistance.