Nickel–iron battery

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

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Gas generation

Formation of gases — ethylene, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide — by electrolyte decomposition, mostly during formation and later under high voltage or temperature. In a pouch cell it shows as swelling; in a can it raises pressure until the vent opens.

Iron–air battery

A rechargeable alkaline cell that oxidises iron to iron hydroxide — reversible rusting — with oxygen drawn from the air, then reduces it back on charge. Iron is cheap enough that systems built for about 100 hours of discharge make sense for multi-day grid storage, though round-trip efficiency is low and hydrogen evolution on the iron wastes charge.

Nickel–cadmium battery

A 1.2 V aqueous cell, rugged and able to deliver very high currents, but containing toxic cadmium and prone to the memory effect. It is now restricted in most consumer uses and survives in aviation and emergency lighting.

Nickel–metal hydride battery

A 1.2 V aqueous cell with a nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy negative. It powered hybrid cars for two decades and is tolerant of abuse, but lithium-ion stores two to three times more energy per kilogram.

Self-discharge

The slow loss of stored charge while a cell is not in use. An unexpected rise can signal a leakage path or a soft internal short.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.