Fire suppression

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Firefighter access

A deliberate opening in a traction battery’s casing, sealed by a disc that gives way under a fire hose’s jet, so firefighters can flood the cells directly instead of cooling the outside of the pack for hours. Renault Group fits it to its electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles and in 2025 offered the design free of charge to other carmakers.

Flammability

The property that makes lithium-ion fires hard to fight: the carbonate solvents have flash points near room temperature, and the positive electrode releases its own oxygen when hot, so the fire does not need air. Solid and non-flammable electrolytes aim to remove this.

Gas detection

Sensors in a pack or storage container that detect electrolyte vapour or hydrogen released before thermal runaway. Off-gas appears minutes before heat and smoke, which makes it the earliest practical warning.

Stationary storage

Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.

Thermal propagation

Thermal runaway spreading from one cell to its neighbours through conducted heat, hot gas and flame. Pack designs are judged by whether, and how slowly, a single failing cell takes the rest with it.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review

   Xuning Feng et al. · Energy Storage Materials · 2018

   Topic background · Electrical, mechanical and thermal abuse; thermal-runaway mechanisms and propagation.