{
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      "definition": "The European law, in force since 2023, that governs batteries over their whole life: carbon-footprint declarations, recycled-content minimums, due diligence on raw materials, performance and durability requirements, removability, the battery passport and collection and recycling targets.",
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      "label": "Supply chain and regulation",
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        "name": "Supply chain and regulation",
        "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.",
        "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.",
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      "label": "Battery passport",
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        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A digital record for each electric-vehicle and industrial battery, required in the EU from 2027, holding its composition, carbon footprint, due-diligence data, state of health and repair history, accessible by QR code.",
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        "definition": "The greenhouse gases emitted to make a battery, typically 50–100 kg CO₂-equivalent per kWh, dominated by cathode materials and the electricity used in cell production. The EU regulation requires it to be declared and will later cap it.",
        "unit": "kg CO₂e/kWh",
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      "id": "term:recycling",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery recycling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "recycling",
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        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Recovering lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and aluminium from end-of-life cells and production scrap. Scrap is today’s main feedstock; vehicle returns will dominate in the 2030s, and regulation now sets minimum recovery rates.",
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      "id": "term:due-diligence",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Supply-chain due diligence",
      "properties": {
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        "name": "Supply-chain due diligence",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The obligation on battery makers to identify and address human-rights and environmental risks in their raw-material supply chains, following OECD guidance, and now a legal requirement in the EU for cobalt, lithium, nickel and graphite.",
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      "id": "term:critical-raw-materials",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Critical raw materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "critical-raw-materials",
        "name": "Critical raw materials",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "Materials that an economy depends on and whose supply is concentrated or at risk: for batteries, lithium, cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and manganese. The EU and US both list them and attach sourcing and recycling targets.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-carbonate",
          "cobalt",
          "natural-graphite",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "recycling"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/critical-raw-materials/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:eu-battery-directive",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "EU Battery Directive",
      "properties": {
        "id": "eu-battery-directive",
        "name": "EU Battery Directive",
        "aka": [
          "Directive 2006/66/EC"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The earlier European law on batteries, from 2006, that restricted mercury and cadmium, set collection targets for portable batteries and made producers responsible for take-back. It is replaced step by step by the 2023 Battery Regulation.",
        "related": [
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "extended-producer-responsibility",
          "recycling"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/eu-battery-directive/",
        "mentions": [
          "reverse-logistics"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:collection-target",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Collection and recycling targets",
      "properties": {
        "id": "collection-target",
        "name": "Collection and recycling targets",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "The EU Battery Regulation’s quotas: portable batteries collected at 63 % by 2027 and 73 % by 2030, light-means-of-transport batteries at 51 % by 2028, with recycling efficiencies of 65 % for lithium-based batteries by 2025 and 70 % by 2030, and material recovery of 50 % of lithium by 2027 rising to 80 % by 2031.",
        "unit": "%",
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          "eu-battery-regulation",
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        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:eu-batteries",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries",
        "publisher": "European Union / EUR-Lex",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023R1542",
        "type": "Regulation",
        "scope": "Battery sustainability, information, waste management and battery passport provisions. Consult the current consolidated text and applicable implementing acts.",
        "year": 2023,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}