Electrode potential

Example

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Connect reaction sites and transport paths.

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Cell voltage

The difference between the positive and negative electrode potentials at equilibrium: for NMC against graphite about 3.7 V. It is set by the chemistry, and the difference in Gibbs free energy of the cell reaction per unit charge.

Half-reaction

The oxidation or reduction occurring at one electrode, written on its own with electrons shown explicitly. The cell reaction is the sum of its two half-reactions, and the cell voltage is the difference of their potentials.

Reference electrode

An electrode of stable, known potential against which another is measured. In lithium-ion work it is a piece of lithium metal, which defines the Li/Li⁺ scale; outside it the standard hydrogen electrode is the primary reference.

Standard electrode potential

An electrode’s potential under standard conditions, tabulated against the standard hydrogen electrode. Lithium’s −3.04 V is the most negative of any metal, which is why lithium cells have the highest voltages.

References & further reading

Technical references

1. Nernst equation

   IUPAC Gold Book · 2025

   Technical reference · Equilibrium potential as a function of activities; distinguishes activities from concentration approximations.

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

2. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition, 2nd printing

   IUPAC · 2011

   Topic background · Physical-chemistry notation, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and transport quantities.