Battery knowledge · Charging and discharging
CC-CV charging
The standard lithium-ion charge protocol: constant current until the cell reaches its upper cutoff voltage, then that voltage held constant while the current tapers. The charge ends when the current falls to a set fraction, often C/20. [1]
- Also called
- constant current constant voltage
Example
Follow a two-stage charge
For an illustrative 5 Ah cell, a 2.5 A current request is 0.5C. During CC the voltage rises. At the selected upper voltage, CV regulation holds voltage while current tapers. Completion requires the taper current to fall below the selected cutoff for the configured dwell.
Interpretation & limits
Explore the graph
See which quantity is held constant, when the phase changes and how charging ends.
Current holds at 5 A until the example 4.15 V threshold; voltage then holds while current tapers. The stop marker is a separate low-current termination condition.
CC: I = I_set · CV: V = V_limit
Illustrative model. Positive current charges the cell. Time is normalized; selected thresholds are not cell-specific recommendations. The voltage trace ends at termination; post-stop relaxation is excluded.
Use in Lemonergy
Lemonergy Studio blocks
Build CC–CV charging
Native current and voltage regulation act against an explicit battery.
Blocks to use
- Charging schedule and target policy
Permits charging
Inputs & settings
- strategy
- targetSoc
- departureS
- soc, available, chargerDone → permit
- Regulated CC/CV charger
Regulates current and voltage
Inputs & settings
- currentA
- voltageV
- cutoffCurrentA / cutoffHoldS
- Electrical ports p and n
- Battery with SOC-dependent OCV
Stores charge and supplies terminal voltage
Inputs & settings
- capacityAh
- initialSoc
- emptyVoltageV / fullVoltageV
- resistanceOhm
- Electrical ports p and n
- Electrical reference
Sets zero potential
Inputs & settings
- Connect p to reference net
This overview identifies the components to use. Follow the example in Lemonergy for their connections and settings.
Example. An illustrative 100 Ah battery with a 420 V ceiling can use a 32 A cap. At the ceiling, current falls as OCV rises.
Observe. Completion needs current below cutoff at the CV ceiling for the configured dwell. Site-limited low current is different.
The battery uses linear OCV and fixed resistance. It does not automatically add aging, thermal dynamics or balancing.
Open the Studio example →References & further reading
Technical references
- Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review
Anna Tomaszewska et al. · eTransportation · 2019
Technical reference · CC-CV and alternative charging protocols, transport limitations, degradation and thermal implications; results depend on cell and test conditions. Software behavior is documented separately in Lemonergy block references.