Area-specific resistance

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Areal loading

How much active material, or capacity, an electrode carries per square centimetre of foil, typically 2–5 mAh/cm². Higher loading raises energy density but lengthens the ion path, which limits fast charging.

DC internal resistance

Internal resistance measured from the voltage change during a current pulse of defined length, usually 10 s or 18 s. It is larger than the AC value because it includes charge-transfer and some diffusion, and it depends on SOC, temperature and pulse duration.

Impedance

The frequency-dependent generalisation of resistance, with a magnitude and a phase. A cell’s impedance separates ohmic, charge-transfer and diffusion contributions that a single DC resistance lumps together.

Internal resistance

The resistance a cell presents to current, from its foils, electrolyte, interfaces and the reactions themselves. It converts part of the delivered energy into heat, sets the voltage drop under load, and rises as the cell ages; a large automotive cell has about a milliohm, a small cylindrical cell tens.

Solid electrolyte

A solid ion conductor that replaces the liquid electrolyte in an all-solid-state cell. Oxide, sulfide, halide and polymer families each need a different production route.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition, 2nd printing

   IUPAC · 2011

   Topic background · Physical-chemistry notation, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and transport quantities.