Battery knowledge · Modules, packs and battery management
Active balancing
Cell balancing that moves charge from fuller cells to emptier ones instead of burning it in resistors. Switched capacitors shuttle charge between neighbours; inductors or transformers carry it further; isolated converters exchange it between one cell and the whole string; bypass switches take a cell out of the string. Currents reach amperes, at the cost of more parts.
- Also called
- capacitive balancing, inductive balancing, switched-capacitor balancing, converter-based balancing, cell bypass
Example
The limiting cell matters
Average: 3.93 V. Highest cell: 4.02 V. The highest cell can reach the charge limit first.
The 4.2 V ceiling is an example, not universal. Voltage alone does not uniquely determine SOC.
Explore the graph
A pack average can hide a cell that reaches its voltage limit first.
Average: 3.93 V. Highest cell: 4.02 V. The highest cell can reach the charge limit first.
V_max = max(V₁, V₂, …); V_average = ΣV_i / N
Illustrative model. The 4.2 V ceiling is an example, not universal. Voltage alone does not uniquely determine SOC.
Use in Lemonergy
Make series/parallel architecture explicit.
This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.
References & further reading
Further reading on this topic
These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.
- Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 2. Modeling and identification
Gregory L. Plett · Journal of Power Sources · 2004
Topic background · Battery charge balance, open-circuit voltage, ohmic loss, polarization dynamics and model identification; parameters require cell-specific data.
- Getting Started with the BQ76925
Texas Instruments · 2019
Topic background · A concrete BMS analog front-end example: cell voltage, current, temperature measurement and MCU integration.