Single-particle model

Example

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Specify phase, direction and boundaries.

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Battery management system

The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.

Equivalent circuit model

A cell model built from a voltage source for OCV, a series resistor and one or more RC pairs for the slower dynamics. Its few parameters are fitted from pulse tests, and it is what most battery management systems run in real time.

Newman model

The standard physics-based lithium-ion cell model: porous-electrode theory across the cell thickness, with solid diffusion solved in a representative spherical particle at every point — hence pseudo-two-dimensional. It predicts voltage from first principles but needs dozens of parameters.

Solid-state diffusion

Lithium moving through the crystal lattice of an active-material particle, with diffusion coefficients of about 10⁻¹⁶ to 10⁻¹³ m²/s — three or more orders of magnitude slower than the 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s of the liquid. It is usually the rate-limiting step for thick electrodes and large particles.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell

   Marc Doyle, Thomas F. Fuller, John Newman · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · 1993

   Topic background · Porous-electrode transport and insertion-cell modeling; foundational work rather than a specification for a particular commercial cell.

2. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition, 2nd printing

   IUPAC · 2011

   Topic background · Physical-chemistry notation, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and transport quantities.