Butler–Volmer equation

Example

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Use in Lemonergy

Connect reaction sites and transport paths.

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Connected concepts

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Charge transfer

The step in which an electron crosses the interface between electrode and electrolyte as an ion is inserted or removed. Its resistance appears as a semicircle in impedance spectra and grows as films thicken and the cell cools.

Exchange current density

The equal and opposite current flowing each way across an electrode interface at equilibrium. A high value means fast kinetics and a small overpotential; it falls steeply with temperature, which is part of why cold cells are sluggish.

Newman model

The standard physics-based lithium-ion cell model: porous-electrode theory across the cell thickness, with solid diffusion solved in a representative spherical particle at every point — hence pseudo-two-dimensional. It predicts voltage from first principles but needs dozens of parameters.

Overpotential

The extra voltage, beyond the equilibrium potential, needed to drive a reaction at a given rate at one electrode. Activation overpotential pays for charge transfer, concentration overpotential for depleted reactant, and both appear as polarization at the terminals.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition, 2nd printing

   IUPAC · 2011

   Topic background · Physical-chemistry notation, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and transport quantities.