{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:zinc-carbon",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Zinc–carbon cell",
    "properties": {
      "id": "zinc-carbon",
      "name": "Zinc–carbon cell",
      "aka": [
        "Leclanché cell",
        "heavy-duty cell",
        "carbon-zinc battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "The original dry cell, descended from Georges Leclanché’s 1866 design: a zinc can as negative, manganese dioxide packed around a carbon rod as positive, and an ammonium chloride or zinc chloride paste. It gives 1.5 V at the lowest cost but holds far less than an alkaline cell and tends to leak as the can is consumed.",
      "related": [
        "alkaline-cell",
        "primary-cell",
        "zinc-air",
        "nominal-voltage"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/zinc-carbon/",
      "mentions": [
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5990",
      "source": "term:zinc-carbon",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5991",
      "source": "term:zinc-carbon",
      "target": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5992",
      "source": "term:zinc-carbon",
      "target": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5993",
      "source": "term:zinc-carbon",
      "target": "term:zinc-air",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5994",
      "source": "term:zinc-carbon",
      "target": "term:nominal-voltage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/zinc-carbon/manganese",
      "source": "term:zinc-carbon",
      "target": "term:manganese",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Alkaline cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "alkaline-cell",
        "name": "Alkaline cell",
        "aka": [
          "zinc–manganese dioxide"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The common 1.5 V single-use cell, with a zinc negative electrode and manganese dioxide positive in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. It is the reference point for most people’s idea of a battery, and is not rechargeable.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "zinc-air",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "zinc-carbon"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/alkaline-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Primary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "primary-cell",
        "name": "Primary cell",
        "aka": [
          "non-rechargeable battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
        "related": [
          "secondary-cell",
          "lithium-ion",
          "iec-60086-5",
          "lithium-iron-disulfide"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:zinc-air",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Zinc–air cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "zinc-air",
        "name": "Zinc–air cell",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell whose positive electrode uses oxygen from the air, so almost all its volume is zinc and its energy density is very high. It powers hearing aids as a primary cell; rechargeable versions are being developed for grid storage.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "alkaline-cell",
          "long-duration-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/zinc-air/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nominal-voltage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nominal voltage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nominal-voltage",
        "name": "Nominal voltage",
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "A representative average voltage of a cell over a full discharge, such as 3.6–3.7 V for an oxide/graphite cell or about 3.2 V for LFP/graphite. Multiplied by capacity, it gives nominal energy.",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "nominal-energy",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "voltage-window",
          "lfp"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#energy",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nominal-voltage/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}