{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:zero-volt-storage",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Zero-volt storage",
    "properties": {
      "id": "zero-volt-storage",
      "name": "Zero-volt storage",
      "aka": [
        "0 V shipping",
        "0 V storage"
      ],
      "section": "topic-safety",
      "definition": "Discharging a cell fully to 0 V for transport or storage. Sodium-ion cells can tolerate it because their negative electrode can sit on aluminium foil, which does not dissolve near 0 V, whereas the copper foil of a lithium-ion cell would corrode. A cell at 0 V has almost no energy to release in an incident.",
      "related": [
        "sodium-ion",
        "shipping-soc",
        "over-discharge",
        "copper-dissolution",
        "aluminium-foil",
        "transport-regulations"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/zero-volt-storage/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "negative-electrode",
        "copper-foil"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:zero-volt-storage/topic:topic-safety",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "topic:topic-safety",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:zero-volt-storage/term:sodium-ion",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:sodium-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:zero-volt-storage/term:shipping-soc",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:shipping-soc",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:zero-volt-storage/term:over-discharge",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:over-discharge",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:zero-volt-storage/term:copper-dissolution",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:copper-dissolution",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:zero-volt-storage/term:aluminium-foil",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:aluminium-foil",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:zero-volt-storage/term:transport-regulations",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:transport-regulations",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/zero-volt-storage/electrode",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/zero-volt-storage/negative-electrode",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/zero-volt-storage/copper-foil",
      "source": "term:zero-volt-storage",
      "target": "term:copper-foil",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-safety",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Safety and abuse",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-safety",
        "name": "Safety and abuse",
        "lede": "How cells fail dangerously, how that is tested, and what is built in to stop it.",
        "context": "Connect mechanisms with appropriate test evidence.",
        "example": "A low normal-load temperature does not demonstrate thermal-runaway containment.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/",
        "lesson_label": "Open degradation mechanisms"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sodium-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Sodium-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sodium-ion",
        "name": "Sodium-ion battery",
        "abbr": "Na-ion",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell built like a lithium-ion cell but shuttling sodium ions, usually between a hard-carbon negative and a layered-oxide (NFM), polyanionic (NFPP, NVP) or Prussian-blue positive. It uses no lithium or cobalt and needs no copper foil, so it can be stored at 0 V, at the cost of lower energy density.",
        "related": [
          "hard-carbon",
          "nfpp",
          "lithium-ion",
          "energy-density",
          "stationary-storage",
          "seawater-battery"
        ],
        "aka": [
          "SIB",
          "Na-ion battery",
          "sodium-ion cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sodium-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "copper-foil",
          "nfm",
          "nvp",
          "cobalt",
          "polyanionic-cathode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:shipping-soc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Shipping state of charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "shipping-soc",
        "name": "Shipping state of charge",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "The state of charge at which cells leave the factory and travel, kept low to reduce both calendar aging and the energy available in an incident. Air-freight rules cap lithium-ion cells shipped alone at 30 %, and plants often target 10–20 %.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "storage-soc",
          "transport-regulations",
          "calendar-aging",
          "zero-volt-storage"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#finishing",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/shipping-soc/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:over-discharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Over-discharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "over-discharge",
        "name": "Over-discharge",
        "aka": [
          "deep discharge"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Discharging below the lower cutoff voltage. Near 1.5 V the copper current collector begins to dissolve, and on the next charge it can redeposit as metal that shorts the cell, so a deeply discharged cell should not simply be recharged.",
        "related": [
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "copper-dissolution",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "bms",
          "low-voltage-disconnect"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/over-discharge/",
        "mentions": [
          "current-collector"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:copper-dissolution",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Copper dissolution",
      "properties": {
        "id": "copper-dissolution",
        "name": "Copper dissolution",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Oxidation of the copper current collector when a cell is over-discharged and the negative electrode’s potential rises too high. Dissolved copper redeposits on recharge as metallic filaments that can short the separator, which is why over-discharged cells are not simply recharged.",
        "related": [
          "over-discharge",
          "copper-foil",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "current-collector-corrosion"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/copper-dissolution/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "current-collector",
          "separator",
          "oxidation"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:aluminium-foil",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Aluminium foil",
      "properties": {
        "id": "aluminium-foil",
        "name": "Aluminium foil",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The positive current collector, typically 10–15 µm thick. A thin passive film keeps it stable at the high potential of the positive electrode, where copper would corrode.",
        "related": [
          "current-collector",
          "copper-foil",
          "passivation"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep normalization consistent",
          "text": "Active-material capacity can remain unchanged while a heavier foil lowers a finished electrode’s capacity per unit total mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aluminium-foil/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:transport-regulations",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN 38.3",
      "properties": {
        "id": "transport-regulations",
        "name": "UN 38.3",
        "aka": [
          "UN transport test",
          "lithium battery shipping"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The United Nations test sequence that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be shipped: altitude, thermal cycling, vibration, shock, external short, impact or crush, overcharge and forced discharge. Air shipment of cells also caps state of charge at 30 %.",
        "related": [
          "shipping-soc",
          "abuse-testing",
          "iec-62133",
          "altitude-simulation-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/transport-regulations/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge",
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Negative electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "negative-electrode",
        "name": "Negative electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the lower potential, usually graphite on copper foil in a lithium-ion cell. It holds the lithium when the cell is charged and releases it on discharge, and industry calls it the anode.",
        "related": [
          "anode",
          "graphite",
          "positive-electrode",
          "copper-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep the polarity name",
          "text": "Graphite remains the negative electrode during charge and discharge, while the anode/cathode reaction labels change with operating direction."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/negative-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:copper-foil",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Copper foil",
      "properties": {
        "id": "copper-foil",
        "name": "Copper foil",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The negative current collector, typically 6–10 µm thick. Copper is used because it is stable at the low potential of a graphite electrode, where aluminium would alloy with lithium.",
        "related": [
          "current-collector",
          "aluminium-foil",
          "over-discharge",
          "copper-dissolution"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Count collector mass",
          "text": "At equal area and density, doubling foil thickness doubles foil mass. Active-material-only capacity omits that mass change."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/copper-foil/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}