{
"node": {
"id": "term:xfc",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Extreme fast charging",
"properties": {
"id": "xfc",
"name": "Extreme fast charging",
"abbr": "XFC",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Charging a vehicle battery in about 10–15 minutes, roughly 4C to 6C — the US Department of Energy’s research target that set the term. At these rates lithium plating, heat and electrolyte transport limit the cell, so XFC needs thin or structured electrodes, strong cooling and careful protocols.",
"related": [
"fast-charging",
"lithium-plating",
"hpc",
"areal-loading",
"mscc"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/xfc/",
"mentions": [
"electrolyte"
]
}
},
"edges": [
{
"id": "edge:107",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "workflow:charge-session",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4448",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "belongsTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4449",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "term:fast-charging",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4450",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "term:lithium-plating",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4451",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "term:hpc",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4452",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "term:areal-loading",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4453",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "term:mscc",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:mentions/xfc/electrolyte",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "term:electrolyte",
"type": "mentions",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
"field": "definition",
"meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4455",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "visual:charging-cccv",
"type": "illustratedBy",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4456",
"source": "term:xfc",
"target": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"type": "cites",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
"scope": "direct technical reference"
}
}
],
"neighbors": [
{
"id": "workflow:charge-session",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Find the charge-time limit",
"properties": {
"id": "charge-session",
"title": "Find the charge-time limit",
"kind": "protocol",
"summary": "The separate Charge session compares power, current, acceptance and CV limits.",
"steps": [
"Select a rechargeable cell and pack.",
"Open Analysis → Charge session; increase power."
],
"example": "A 50 kW source at 400 V cannot deliver 50 kW through a 100 A ceiling; that current limit corresponds to 40 kW.",
"observe": "Read the named limiting reason.",
"limits": "This differs from the Studio network and requires cell resistance data and product access.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/",
"label": "Open Design → Charge session",
"evidence": [
"js/charger.js"
]
}
},
{
"id": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "Topic",
"label": "Charging and discharging",
"properties": {
"id": "topic-charging",
"name": "Charging and discharging",
"lede": "How current goes in and comes out, and the limits that stop it.",
"context": "Separate regulation from availability.",
"example": "The same CC–CV law can operate overnight or during a short depot stop.",
"lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
"lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
}
},
{
"id": "term:fast-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Fast charging",
"properties": {
"id": "fast-charging",
"name": "Fast charging",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
"related": [
"lithium-plating",
"c-rate",
"cc-cv-charging",
"dc-fast-charging",
"thermal-management",
"mscc"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fast-charging/",
"mentions": [
"state-of-charge"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:lithium-plating",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Lithium plating",
"properties": {
"id": "lithium-plating",
"name": "Lithium plating",
"section": "topic-aging",
"definition": "Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.",
"related": [
"dendrite",
"fast-charging",
"intercalation",
"np-ratio",
"dead-lithium",
"electrodeposition"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-plating/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:hpc",
"type": "Term",
"label": "High-power charging",
"properties": {
"id": "hpc",
"name": "High-power charging",
"abbr": "HPC",
"aka": [
"ultra-fast charging",
"ultra-rapid charging"
],
"section": "topic-infrastructure",
"definition": "DC charging at 150 kW and above, up to about 400 kW for cars, usually at 800–1000 V so the current stays within what cable and connector can carry. Liquid-cooled cables make the currents of 500 A and more practical.",
"related": [
"dc-fast-charging",
"xfc",
"pack-voltage",
"charging-curve",
"mcs"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/hpc/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:areal-loading",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Areal loading",
"properties": {
"id": "areal-loading",
"name": "Areal loading",
"aka": [
"mass loading",
"areal capacity"
],
"section": "topic-components",
"definition": "How much active material, or capacity, an electrode carries per square centimetre of foil, typically 2–5 mAh/cm². Higher loading raises energy density but lengthens the ion path, which limits fast charging.",
"unit": "mAh/cm², mg/cm²",
"related": [
"coating",
"energy-density",
"fast-charging",
"tortuosity"
],
"example": {
"title": "Convert mass and area",
"text": "200 mg active material over 20 cm² gives 10 mg/cm² loading. State whether the measurement includes one or both coated sides."
},
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/areal-loading/",
"mentions": [
"milliampere-hour",
"electrode",
"active-material"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:mscc",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Multistage constant-current charging",
"properties": {
"id": "mscc",
"name": "Multistage constant-current charging",
"abbr": "MSCC",
"aka": [
"step charging",
"stepped CC"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "A charge protocol with a sequence of constant-current stages, often reducing current as the cell fills. Stage transitions follow selected time, voltage, state-of-charge or other limits. Charging time and lithium-plating risk depend on the cell and control conditions; a staged profile alone does not establish an improvement.",
"related": [
"cc-cv-charging",
"fast-charging",
"lithium-plating",
"charging-curve",
"xfc",
"pulse-charging"
],
"example": {
"title": "Build a staged current profile",
"text": "An illustrative sequence uses 3 A for 10 min, then 2 A for 10 min, then 1 A for 10 min. If every stage runs for its full duration, the charge transferred is 1 Ah. Voltage and temperature limits can terminate stages earlier."
},
"notes": [
"A sequence of CC steps is distinct from an automatically combined multistage CC-CV charger."
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/mscc/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:electrolyte",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Electrolyte",
"properties": {
"id": "electrolyte",
"name": "Electrolyte",
"section": "topic-electrolytes",
"definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
"related": [
"lithium-salt",
"carbonate-solvent",
"electrolyte-additive",
"ionic-conductivity",
"solid-electrolyte",
"ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
"example": {
"title": "Ions and electrons",
"text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
},
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
"mentions": [
"separator"
]
}
},
{
"id": "visual:charging-cccv",
"type": "Visual",
"label": "Compare charging profiles",
"properties": {
"title": "Compare charging profiles",
"summary": "See which quantity is held constant, when the phase changes and how charging ends.",
"readout": "Current holds at 5 A until the example 4.15 V threshold; voltage then holds while current tapers. The stop marker is a separate low-current termination condition.",
"formula": "CC: I = I_set · CV: V = V_limit",
"note": "Positive current charges the cell. Time is normalized; selected thresholds are not cell-specific recommendations. The voltage trace ends at termination; post-stop relaxation is excluded.",
"software": {
"status": "studio",
"label": "Lemonergy Studio charging controller",
"body": "The native controller regulates CC-CV charging. Its battery model uses charge balance, linear OCV and constant resistance. These authored profiles are explanatory, not its simulation output.",
"href": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-home"
},
"html": "Current profile
Charge current
\nVoltage profile
Cell voltage
"
}
},
{
"id": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"type": "Reference",
"label": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
"properties": {
"title": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
"publisher": "eTransportation",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2019.100011",
"type": "Review article",
"scope": "CC-CV and alternative charging protocols, transport limitations, degradation and thermal implications; results depend on cell and test conditions. Software behavior is documented separately in Lemonergy block references.",
"year": 2019,
"authors": [
"Anna Tomaszewska et al."
],
"accessed": "2026-10-27"
}
}
]
}