{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "X-ray fluorescence",
    "properties": {
      "id": "x-ray-fluorescence",
      "name": "X-ray fluorescence",
      "abbr": "XRF",
      "aka": [
        "XRF spectroscopy"
      ],
      "section": "topic-analysis",
      "definition": "Exciting a sample with X-rays and reading the characteristic X-rays each element re-emits — a fast, largely non-destructive composition measurement. It checks nickel, manganese and cobalt ratios, coating loading and black-mass grades, and finds transition metals deposited on aged anodes, but it cannot detect lithium.",
      "related": [
        "inductively-coupled-plasma",
        "energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectroscopy",
        "black-mass",
        "transition-metal-dissolution",
        "areal-loading"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/x-ray-fluorescence/",
      "mentions": [
        "coating",
        "cobalt",
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5600",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "topic:topic-analysis",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
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    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5601",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "term:inductively-coupled-plasma",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5602",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "term:energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectroscopy",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5603",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "term:black-mass",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5604",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "term:transition-metal-dissolution",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5605",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "term:areal-loading",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/x-ray-fluorescence/coating",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "term:coating",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/x-ray-fluorescence/cobalt",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:mentions/x-ray-fluorescence/manganese",
      "source": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "target": "term:manganese",
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  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-analysis",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-analysis",
        "name": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
        "lede": "The laboratory techniques that look inside electrodes, interphases and electrolytes to see what a cell is made of and how it aged.",
        "context": "Connect results with scale and specimen preparation.",
        "example": "Surface and bulk measurements may find different compositions in the same electrode without contradiction.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/labs/battery-materials-lab/",
        "lesson_label": "Open materials lab"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:inductively-coupled-plasma",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry",
      "properties": {
        "id": "inductively-coupled-plasma",
        "name": "Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry",
        "abbr": "ICP",
        "aka": [
          "ICP-OES",
          "ICP-AES",
          "ICP-MS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Dissolving a sample in acid, spraying it into an argon plasma of several thousand kelvin and measuring each element by the light it emits (OES) or by ion mass (MS). It is the reference method for cathode stoichiometry, lithium content, black-mass assays and the traces of dissolved transition metals on aged anodes, down to parts per billion.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "black-mass",
          "transition-metal-dissolution",
          "x-ray-fluorescence",
          "post-mortem"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/inductively-coupled-plasma/",
        "mentions": [
          "cathode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectroscopy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectroscopy",
        "name": "Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy",
        "abbr": "EDS",
        "aka": [
          "EDX",
          "EDXS",
          "EDS mapping"
        ],
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Mapping elements inside an electron microscope: the beam excites X-rays whose energies identify the elements present, giving composition maps alongside the image. It shows binder and conductive-carbon distribution, coatings and deposited transition metals, but lithium is effectively invisible to it.",
        "related": [
          "scanning-electron-microscopy",
          "x-ray-fluorescence",
          "transmission-electron-microscopy",
          "binder-migration",
          "transition-metal-dissolution"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectroscopy/",
        "mentions": [
          "binder"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:black-mass",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Black mass",
      "properties": {
        "id": "black-mass",
        "name": "Black mass",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "The dark powder of mixed electrode materials left after end-of-life cells are discharged, shredded and separated from their casings, foils and separators. It is the traded intermediate that hydrometallurgical refiners buy.",
        "related": [
          "recycling",
          "hydrometallurgy",
          "pyrometallurgy",
          "mechanical-pretreatment",
          "froth-flotation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/black-mass/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:transition-metal-dissolution",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Transition-metal dissolution",
      "properties": {
        "id": "transition-metal-dissolution",
        "name": "Transition-metal dissolution",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Manganese, nickel or cobalt ions leaching from the positive electrode into the electrolyte, especially at high voltage and temperature or when HF is present. They migrate to the negative electrode and poison the SEI there, accelerating lithium loss.",
        "related": [
          "lmo",
          "hydrofluoric-acid",
          "sei",
          "loss-of-active-material",
          "crosstalk"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#crystals",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/transition-metal-dissolution/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "cobalt",
          "leaching",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:areal-loading",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Areal loading",
      "properties": {
        "id": "areal-loading",
        "name": "Areal loading",
        "aka": [
          "mass loading",
          "areal capacity"
        ],
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "How much active material, or capacity, an electrode carries per square centimetre of foil, typically 2–5 mAh/cm². Higher loading raises energy density but lengthens the ion path, which limits fast charging.",
        "unit": "mAh/cm², mg/cm²",
        "related": [
          "coating",
          "energy-density",
          "fast-charging",
          "tortuosity"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Convert mass and area",
          "text": "200 mg active material over 20 cm² gives 10 mg/cm² loading. State whether the measurement includes one or both coated sides."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/areal-loading/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "electrode",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:coating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coating",
        "name": "Coating",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Applying slurry to the moving foil at a controlled wet thickness, usually with a slot die, often on both sides. Coating weight per area must be held within about one percent across the web, because every downstream property depends on it.",
        "related": [
          "slot-die",
          "areal-loading",
          "drying",
          "electrode-manufacturing"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "example": {
          "title": "Wet and dry thickness differ",
          "text": "Wet coating includes solvent. Dry thickness also depends on retained solids and resulting structure."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coating/",
        "mentions": [
          "slurry"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cobalt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cobalt",
        "name": "Cobalt",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "high-nickel",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "due-diligence"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}