{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:voltage-delay",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Voltage delay",
    "properties": {
      "id": "voltage-delay",
      "name": "Voltage delay",
      "aka": [
        "passivation delay",
        "voltage dip",
        "transient minimum voltage"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A temporary sag below the expected voltage when a load is first applied to a stored lithium primary cell, lasting until the current breaks up the passivating film on the lithium. Lithium–thionyl chloride cells show it most, worse when cold or after long storage; a parallel capacitor or a periodic depassivation pulse works around it.",
      "related": [
        "passivation",
        "lithium-thionyl-chloride",
        "lithium-sulfur-dioxide",
        "primary-cell"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/voltage-delay/",
      "mentions": [
        "capacitor"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:voltage-delay/topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "source": "term:voltage-delay",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:voltage-delay/term:passivation",
      "source": "term:voltage-delay",
      "target": "term:passivation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:voltage-delay/term:lithium-thionyl-chloride",
      "source": "term:voltage-delay",
      "target": "term:lithium-thionyl-chloride",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:voltage-delay/term:lithium-sulfur-dioxide",
      "source": "term:voltage-delay",
      "target": "term:lithium-sulfur-dioxide",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:voltage-delay/term:primary-cell",
      "source": "term:voltage-delay",
      "target": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/voltage-delay/capacitor",
      "source": "term:voltage-delay",
      "target": "term:capacitor",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:passivation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Passivation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "passivation",
        "name": "Passivation",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "The formation of a surface film that slows further reaction. In lithium-ion cells, the SEI passivates the graphite negative electrode.",
        "related": [
          "sei",
          "aluminium-foil",
          "formation"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#sei",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/passivation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-thionyl-chloride",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–thionyl chloride cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-thionyl-chloride",
        "name": "Lithium–thionyl chloride cell",
        "abbr": "Li–SOCl₂",
        "aka": [
          "ER cell",
          "lithium thionyl chloride"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A 3.6 V primary cell in which liquid thionyl chloride is both the electrolyte solvent and the positive reactant, reduced on a porous carbon electrode. A protective lithium chloride film keeps self-discharge around 1 % a year, so cells run utility meters and trackers for 10–20 years, but it also causes a voltage delay when a load is first applied.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "passivation",
          "self-discharge",
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "lithium-carbon-monofluoride"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-thionyl-chloride/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "voltage-delay"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-sulfur-dioxide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–sulfur dioxide cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-sulfur-dioxide",
        "name": "Lithium–sulfur dioxide cell",
        "abbr": "Li–SO₂",
        "aka": [
          "lithium sulfur dioxide",
          "Li/SO2",
          "BA-5590"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A 3.0 V primary cell whose positive reactant, sulfur dioxide, is dissolved as a liquid under a few bar of pressure in the electrolyte and reduced on a porous carbon electrode. Built spiral-wound, it delivers high currents down to about −40 °C, which made it the classic military radio battery; the pressure means every cell needs a vent.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "lithium-thionyl-chloride",
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "vent",
          "bobbin-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-sulfur-dioxide/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Primary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "primary-cell",
        "name": "Primary cell",
        "aka": [
          "non-rechargeable battery",
          "primary battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
        "related": [
          "secondary-cell",
          "lithium-ion",
          "iec-60086-5",
          "lithium-iron-disulfide",
          "iec-60086"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:capacitor",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Capacitor",
      "properties": {
        "id": "capacitor",
        "name": "Capacitor",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "A component that stores energy as charge on two conducting plates separated by an insulator; its voltage rises in proportion to the charge, unlike a battery’s nearly flat curve. The large DC-link capacitors at an inverter’s input draw a huge inrush current when connected to a pack, which is why a pre-charge circuit fills them first.",
        "formula": "Q = C·V; E = ½·C·V²",
        "unit": "F (farad)",
        "related": [
          "pre-charge",
          "inverter",
          "supercapacitor",
          "double-layer",
          "contactor"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Calculate stored charge and energy",
          "text": "An ideal 100 F capacitor charged to 2 V stores 200 C and 200 J. Doubling voltage quadruples its stored energy when capacitance remains constant."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/capacitor/",
        "mentions": [
          "inrush-current"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}