{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:voltage-class",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Voltage class",
    "properties": {
      "id": "voltage-class",
      "name": "Voltage class",
      "aka": [
        "voltage class A",
        "voltage class B",
        "high-voltage threshold",
        "HV",
        "LV"
      ],
      "section": "topic-hvsafety",
      "definition": "The line between circuits that need high-voltage protection and those that do not. UN R100 calls a circuit high voltage above 60 V DC or 30 V AC rms, up to 1500 V DC or 1000 V AC; ISO 6469-3 calls the same band voltage class B and anything lower class A. A 48 V system stays below the line.",
      "related": [
        "pack-voltage",
        "48v-system",
        "extra-low-voltage",
        "un-r100",
        "iso-6469",
        "high-voltage-interlock"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/voltage-class/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5024",
      "source": "term:voltage-class",
      "target": "topic:topic-hvsafety",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5025",
      "source": "term:voltage-class",
      "target": "term:pack-voltage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5026",
      "source": "term:voltage-class",
      "target": "term:48v-system",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5027",
      "source": "term:voltage-class",
      "target": "term:extra-low-voltage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5028",
      "source": "term:voltage-class",
      "target": "term:un-r100",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5029",
      "source": "term:voltage-class",
      "target": "term:iso-6469",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5030",
      "source": "term:voltage-class",
      "target": "term:high-voltage-interlock",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-hvsafety",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "High-voltage and functional safety",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-hvsafety",
        "name": "High-voltage and functional safety",
        "lede": "Keeping people safe from the pack’s voltage and keeping its electronics safe when they fail: insulation, switching, fusing and the functional-safety process.",
        "context": "Relate protection to faults, detection and response.",
        "example": "Normal-operation current limits do not demonstrate correct contactor behavior under a welded-contact or sensor fault.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:pack-voltage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Pack voltage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pack-voltage",
        "name": "Pack voltage",
        "aka": [
          "400 V system",
          "800 V system"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The nominal voltage of the full series string, about 400 V in most electric cars and 800 V in newer ones. Doubling the voltage halves the current for the same power, so cables, connectors and losses shrink and charging can be faster.",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "series-parallel",
          "dc-fast-charging",
          "high-voltage-interlock",
          "insulation-resistance"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pack-voltage/",
        "mentions": [
          "nominal-voltage",
          "string"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:48v-system",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "48 V system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "48v-system",
        "name": "48 V system",
        "aka": [
          "mild hybrid"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "A vehicle electrical architecture at 48 V, used for mild hybrids and heavy accessories. It stays below the 60 V threshold at which high-voltage safety rules begin, so it needs no orange cables or interlocks.",
        "related": [
          "hybrid-vehicle",
          "auxiliary-battery",
          "pack-voltage",
          "24v-system"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/48v-system/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:extra-low-voltage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Extra-low voltage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "extra-low-voltage",
        "name": "Extra-low voltage",
        "abbr": "ELV",
        "aka": [
          "SELV",
          "PELV",
          "FELV",
          "safety extra-low voltage",
          "protective extra-low voltage"
        ],
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "Voltage low enough to need reduced shock protection: at most 50 V AC rms or 120 V ripple-free DC under IEC 61140. SELV is separated from higher voltages and from earth; PELV is separated but earthed; FELV is low in value only, without protective separation, so it is protected like the circuit feeding it. Vehicle rules draw their line lower, at 60 V DC.",
        "related": [
          "voltage-class",
          "insulation-resistance",
          "equipotential-bonding",
          "48v-system"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/extra-low-voltage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:un-r100",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN Regulation No. 100",
      "properties": {
        "id": "un-r100",
        "name": "UN Regulation No. 100",
        "abbr": "R100",
        "aka": [
          "ECE R100",
          "UN ECE R100"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The UNECE type-approval regulation for the electric powertrain of cars, buses and trucks, covering protection against electric shock and, in part II, the rechargeable energy storage system itself. A vehicle sold in the EU and most of the world must carry an R100 approval for its battery.",
        "related": [
          "un-r100-part-2",
          "un-r100-03",
          "gtr-20",
          "rechargeable-energy-storage-system",
          "insulation-resistance",
          "high-voltage-interlock"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/un-r100/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iso-6469",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "ISO 6469",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iso-6469",
        "name": "ISO 6469",
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The ISO series on electric vehicle safety: part 1 the on-board rechargeable energy storage system, part 2 vehicle operational safety, part 3 electrical safety, part 4 post-crash. It is the engineering standard behind the regulatory tests of R100.",
        "related": [
          "un-r100",
          "iso-12405",
          "iso-17409",
          "functional-safety"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iso-6469/",
        "mentions": [
          "electric-vehicle",
          "rechargeable-energy-storage-system"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:high-voltage-interlock",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "High-voltage interlock loop",
      "properties": {
        "id": "high-voltage-interlock",
        "name": "High-voltage interlock loop",
        "abbr": "HVIL",
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "A low-voltage signal loop threaded through every high-voltage connector and cover. Opening any of them breaks the loop and the BMS drops the contactors, so a technician cannot reach a live conductor.",
        "related": [
          "contactor",
          "pack-voltage",
          "insulation-resistance",
          "functional-safety"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/high-voltage-interlock/",
        "mentions": [
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}