{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:vibration-test",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Vibration and shock test",
    "properties": {
      "id": "vibration-test",
      "name": "Vibration and shock test",
      "section": "topic-testing",
      "definition": "Shaking a cell or pack on a vibration table to a profile standing for years of road use, and striking it with defined mechanical shocks, then checking for loose connections, leaks and loss of isolation. UN 38.3, R100 and ISO 12405 each specify a profile.",
      "related": [
        "transport-regulations",
        "un-r100-part-2",
        "iso-12405",
        "abuse-testing",
        "thermal-shock-test",
        "power-spectral-density"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/vibration-test/",
      "mentions": [
        "un-r100"
      ]
    }
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      "id": "edge:3975",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/vibration-test/un-r100",
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      "id": "topic:topic-testing",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Testing methods",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-testing",
        "name": "Testing methods",
        "lede": "The measurements and test procedures that characterise a cell or pack, from capacity and pulse tests to abuse and environmental tests.",
        "context": "Record specimen, state, instrument, temperature and timing.",
        "example": "Resistance immediately after a current step can differ from a ten-second value because slower polarization contributes.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open capacity measurements"
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      "id": "term:transport-regulations",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN 38.3",
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        "id": "transport-regulations",
        "name": "UN 38.3",
        "aka": [
          "UN transport test",
          "lithium battery shipping"
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        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The United Nations test sequence that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be shipped: altitude, thermal cycling, vibration, shock, external short, impact or crush, overcharge and forced discharge. Air shipment of cells also caps state of charge at 30 %.",
        "related": [
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        "definition": "The part of UN R100 that tests the battery system as a unit: vibration, thermal shock and cycling, mechanical shock and crash impact, fire resistance, external short circuit, overcharge and over-discharge protection, over-temperature protection and, from the 03 series, thermal propagation. Each test ends with a check that there is no fire, explosion, electrolyte leakage or loss of isolation.",
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      "label": "ISO 12405",
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        "name": "ISO 12405",
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The international standard for testing lithium-ion battery packs and systems in electric vehicles, covering performance, reliability and abuse at pack level. Part 4 is the current performance specification.",
        "related": [
          "iec-62660",
          "pack",
          "testing",
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        "mentions": [
          "lithium-ion"
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      "id": "term:abuse-testing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Abuse testing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "abuse-testing",
        "name": "Abuse testing",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Deliberately driving cells and packs beyond their limits — overcharge, crush, nail penetration, external short, heating, drop — to see how they fail. Standards define each test and rank the outcome on a hazard scale from no effect to explosion.",
        "related": [
          "nail-penetration",
          "overcharge-test",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/abuse-testing/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge"
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    {
      "id": "term:thermal-shock-test",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal shock and cycling test",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-shock-test",
        "name": "Thermal shock and cycling test",
        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "Moving a cell or pack rapidly between temperature extremes, typically −40 °C and +60 to +85 °C, for many cycles, to find seals, welds and housings that fail by differential expansion. It is in UN 38.3, R100 and most pack specifications.",
        "related": [
          "transport-regulations",
          "un-r100-part-2",
          "vibration-test",
          "abuse-testing"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-shock-test/",
        "mentions": [
          "un-r100"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:power-spectral-density",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Power spectral density",
      "properties": {
        "id": "power-spectral-density",
        "name": "Power spectral density",
        "abbr": "PSD",
        "aka": [
          "PSD vibration profile",
          "random vibration",
          "acceleration spectral density",
          "ASD"
        ],
        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "The way a random vibration profile is specified: acceleration intensity per unit frequency, in g²/Hz, across a band such as 5–200 Hz. The square root of the area under the curve gives the overall level in g rms. SAE J2380 and ISO 12405 use PSD profiles to stand for road vibration, whereas UN 38.3 uses a sine sweep.",
        "formula": "g_rms = √(∫ PSD(f) df)",
        "unit": "g²/Hz",
        "related": [
          "vibration-test",
          "iso-12405",
          "transport-regulations",
          "un-r100-part-2"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Integrate a flat vibration band",
          "text": "An illustrative one-sided acceleration PSD of 0.01 g²/Hz from 10 to 110 Hz has area 1 g² and therefore 1 g RMS. A peak PSD value alone does not determine RMS without the bandwidth."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/power-spectral-density/",
        "mentions": [
          "sae-j2380"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:un-r100",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN Regulation No. 100",
      "properties": {
        "id": "un-r100",
        "name": "UN Regulation No. 100",
        "abbr": "R100",
        "aka": [
          "ECE R100",
          "UN ECE R100"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The UNECE type-approval regulation for the electric powertrain of cars, buses and trucks, covering protection against electric shock and, in part II, the rechargeable energy storage system itself. A vehicle sold in the EU and most of the world must carry an R100 approval for its battery.",
        "related": [
          "un-r100-part-2",
          "un-r100-03",
          "gtr-20",
          "rechargeable-energy-storage-system",
          "insulation-resistance",
          "high-voltage-interlock"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/un-r100/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}