{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:underwriters-laboratories",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "UL",
    "properties": {
      "id": "underwriters-laboratories",
      "name": "UL",
      "aka": [
        "Underwriters Laboratories",
        "UL Solutions",
        "UL Standards & Engagement"
      ],
      "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
      "definition": "The US safety-science organisation, founded in 1894 as Underwriters Laboratories, whose numbered standards — UL 1642, UL 2580, UL 9540, UL 9540A and others — define much of North American battery safety. Since 2022 it has operated as UL Standards & Engagement, which writes the standards, the commercial UL Solutions, which tests and certifies to them, and UL Research Institutes.",
      "related": [
        "ul-1642",
        "ul-2580",
        "ul-9540",
        "ul-9540a",
        "ul-1973",
        "iec"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/underwriters-laboratories/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
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      "id": "edge:6317",
      "source": "term:underwriters-laboratories",
      "target": "topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
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    {
      "id": "edge:6318",
      "source": "term:underwriters-laboratories",
      "target": "term:ul-1642",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6319",
      "source": "term:underwriters-laboratories",
      "target": "term:ul-2580",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:6320",
      "source": "term:underwriters-laboratories",
      "target": "term:ul-9540",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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    },
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      "id": "edge:6321",
      "source": "term:underwriters-laboratories",
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      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6322",
      "source": "term:underwriters-laboratories",
      "target": "term:ul-1973",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6323",
      "source": "term:underwriters-laboratories",
      "target": "term:iec",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Vehicle and transport standards",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "name": "Vehicle and transport standards",
        "lede": "The regulations and standards a vehicle battery must meet to be approved, and the rules for shipping batteries by road, sea and air.",
        "context": "Check issuing organization, edition, scope and market.",
        "example": "Shipping tests and vehicle battery approval tests address different uses; passing one does not automatically satisfy another.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
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      "id": "term:ul-1642",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UL 1642",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ul-1642",
        "name": "UL 1642",
        "aka": [
          "UL 2054"
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        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The North American safety standard for lithium cells, tested by Underwriters Laboratories through a series of electrical, mechanical and environmental abuse tests. UL 2054 covers the batteries built from them.",
        "related": [
          "iec-62133",
          "abuse-testing",
          "ul-2580"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ul-1642/",
        "mentions": [
          "underwriters-laboratories"
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    {
      "id": "term:ul-2580",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UL 2580",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ul-2580",
        "name": "UL 2580",
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The North American safety standard for electric-vehicle battery packs, covering electrical, mechanical and environmental abuse at pack level together with the protective electronics.",
        "related": [
          "ul-1642",
          "iec-62660",
          "pack",
          "sae-j2464"
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        "mentions": []
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      "id": "term:ul-9540",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UL 9540",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ul-9540",
        "name": "UL 9540",
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The North American product safety standard for a complete energy storage system — battery, inverter and controls together — as opposed to UL 9540A, which is the test method for its thermal-runaway behaviour. Listing to UL 9540 is what most US fire codes require for installation.",
        "related": [
          "ul-9540a",
          "nfpa-855",
          "stationary-storage",
          "inverter",
          "pas-63100"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ul-9540/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ul-9540a",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UL 9540A",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ul-9540a",
        "name": "UL 9540A",
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "A test method, not a pass/fail standard, that characterises thermal runaway and propagation in stationary storage at cell, module, unit and installation level. Fire codes use its data to decide spacing and suppression for a storage site.",
        "related": [
          "thermal-propagation",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ul-9540a/",
        "mentions": [
          "thermal-runaway"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ul-1973",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UL 1973",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ul-1973",
        "name": "UL 1973",
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The North American safety standard for batteries in stationary storage, vehicle auxiliary power and light electric rail, covering cells, modules and the battery system with its management electronics. It centres on functional safety analysis of hardware and software alongside abuse tests, and a UL 1973 battery is what UL 9540 expects inside a complete energy storage system.",
        "related": [
          "ul-9540",
          "ul-9540a",
          "iec-62619",
          "stationary-storage",
          "bms",
          "ul-1741"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ul-1973/",
        "mentions": [
          "functional-safety"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iec",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IEC",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iec",
        "name": "IEC",
        "aka": [
          "International Electrotechnical Commission"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The body that publishes the international standards for electrical technology, including IEC 62133 and IEC 62660 for cells and the IEC 60050 vocabulary, whose part 482 defines battery terms. National bodies adopt its standards with local prefixes.",
        "related": [
          "iec-62660",
          "iec-62133",
          "testing"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iec/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}