{
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    "label": "R100 Part II",
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        "REESS tests",
        "R100 Annex 8"
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      "definition": "The part of UN R100 that tests the battery system as a unit: vibration, thermal shock and cycling, mechanical shock and crash impact, fire resistance, external short circuit, overcharge and over-discharge protection, over-temperature protection and, from the 03 series, thermal propagation. Each test ends with a check that there is no fire, explosion, electrolyte leakage or loss of isolation.",
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        "un-r100",
        "un-r100-03",
        "abuse-testing",
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        "overcharge",
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        "external-short-circuit",
        "short-circuit"
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      "id": "edge:3684",
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      "id": "edge:3685",
      "source": "term:un-r100-part-2",
      "target": "term:insulation-resistance",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/un-r100-part-2/thermal-propagation",
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      "label": "Vehicle and transport standards",
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        "context": "Check issuing organization, edition, scope and market.",
        "example": "Shipping tests and vehicle battery approval tests address different uses; passing one does not automatically satisfy another.",
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        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
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      "id": "term:un-r100",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN Regulation No. 100",
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        "id": "un-r100",
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        "abbr": "R100",
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        "definition": "The UNECE type-approval regulation for the electric powertrain of cars, buses and trucks, covering protection against electric shock and, in part II, the rechargeable energy storage system itself. A vehicle sold in the EU and most of the world must carry an R100 approval for its battery.",
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          "un-r100-part-2",
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          "gtr-20",
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        "mentions": []
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      "id": "term:un-r100-03",
      "type": "Term",
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        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The third series of amendments to UN R100, in force for new vehicle types from 2023. It added the thermal-propagation requirement — a warning to occupants at least five minutes before a hazardous event in the cabin, aligned with GTR 20 — plus documentation of the battery’s safe-state behaviour and a low-energy exemption for small systems.",
        "related": [
          "un-r100",
          "un-r100-part-2",
          "gtr-20",
          "thermal-propagation",
          "propagation-test"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/un-r100-03/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:abuse-testing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Abuse testing",
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        "id": "abuse-testing",
        "name": "Abuse testing",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Deliberately driving cells and packs beyond their limits — overcharge, crush, nail penetration, external short, heating, drop — to see how they fail. Standards define each test and rank the outcome on a hazard scale from no effect to explosion.",
        "related": [
          "nail-penetration",
          "overcharge-test",
          "crush-test",
          "short-circuit-test",
          "hazard-level",
          "oven-test"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/abuse-testing/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:propagation-test",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal propagation test",
      "properties": {
        "id": "propagation-test",
        "name": "Thermal propagation test",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Triggering thermal runaway in one cell of a module or pack — by heater, nail or overcharge — and measuring whether and how fast it spreads. Regulations now require at least a warning period, five minutes in several markets, before the cabin is at risk.",
        "related": [
          "thermal-propagation",
          "abuse-testing",
          "thermal-barrier",
          "gtr-20"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/propagation-test/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge",
          "thermal-runaway"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:insulation-resistance",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Insulation resistance",
      "properties": {
        "id": "insulation-resistance",
        "name": "Insulation resistance",
        "aka": [
          "isolation resistance",
          "IMD"
        ],
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "The resistance between the high-voltage circuit and the vehicle chassis, which must stay above about 100 Ω per volt of pack voltage so a person touching the chassis is safe. An insulation monitoring device measures it continuously.",
        "unit": "Ω/V",
        "related": [
          "pack-voltage",
          "high-voltage-interlock",
          "functional-safety",
          "insulation-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/insulation-resistance/",
        "mentions": [
          "volt"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:overcharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Overcharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "overcharge",
        "name": "Overcharge",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging past the upper cutoff voltage. The positive electrode over-delithiates and releases oxygen, the electrolyte oxidises and lithium plates on the negative, so an unprotected overcharge can end in thermal runaway.",
        "related": [
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "bms",
          "overcharge-test",
          "electrolyte-decomposition"
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte"
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      "id": "term:over-discharge",
      "type": "Term",
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      "properties": {
        "id": "over-discharge",
        "name": "Over-discharge",
        "aka": [
          "deep discharge"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Discharging below the lower cutoff voltage. Near 1.5 V the copper current collector begins to dissolve, and on the next charge it can redeposit as metal that shorts the cell, so a deeply discharged cell should not simply be recharged.",
        "related": [
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "copper-dissolution",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "bms",
          "low-voltage-disconnect"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/over-discharge/",
        "mentions": [
          "current-collector"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:thermal-propagation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal propagation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-propagation",
        "name": "Thermal propagation",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Thermal runaway spreading from one cell to its neighbours through conducted heat, hot gas and flame. Pack designs are judged by whether, and how slowly, a single failing cell takes the rest with it.",
        "related": [
          "thermal-runaway",
          "thermal-barrier",
          "venting",
          "module",
          "propagation-test"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-propagation/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:external-short-circuit",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "External short circuit",
      "properties": {
        "id": "external-short-circuit",
        "name": "External short circuit",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "A low-resistance connection between the terminals outside the cell, driving currents of hundreds of amperes. Fuses, the current interrupt device and a positive-temperature-coefficient element are the layers of protection against it.",
        "related": [
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "fuse",
          "current-interrupt-device",
          "ptc",
          "short-circuit-test"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/external-short-circuit/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:short-circuit",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Short circuit",
      "properties": {
        "id": "short-circuit",
        "name": "Short circuit",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "A connection of negligible resistance between two points that should be separated, so current is limited only by the source. For a battery it may be external, across the terminals, or internal, between the electrodes inside the cell.",
        "related": [
          "external-short-circuit",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "fuse",
          "ohms-law"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#short-circuit",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/short-circuit/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}