{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:ul-94",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "UL 94",
    "properties": {
      "id": "ul-94",
      "name": "UL 94",
      "aka": [
        "UL 94 V-0",
        "V-0 rating",
        "flame rating"
      ],
      "section": "topic-safety",
      "definition": "UL’s flammability standard for plastic parts in devices and appliances. In its vertical test a strip is flamed twice for 10 s; V-0, the strictest vertical class, requires burning to stop within 10 s each time, at most 50 s in total over five strips, and no drips that ignite cotton. Cell holders and module covers commonly specify V-0.",
      "related": [
        "flammability",
        "enclosure",
        "thermal-propagation",
        "thermal-barrier"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ul-94/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6667",
      "source": "term:ul-94",
      "target": "topic:topic-safety",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6668",
      "source": "term:ul-94",
      "target": "term:flammability",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6669",
      "source": "term:ul-94",
      "target": "term:enclosure",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6670",
      "source": "term:ul-94",
      "target": "term:thermal-propagation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6671",
      "source": "term:ul-94",
      "target": "term:thermal-barrier",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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      "id": "topic:topic-safety",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Safety and abuse",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-safety",
        "name": "Safety and abuse",
        "lede": "How cells fail dangerously, how that is tested, and what is built in to stop it.",
        "context": "Connect mechanisms with appropriate test evidence.",
        "example": "A low normal-load temperature does not demonstrate thermal-runaway containment.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/",
        "lesson_label": "Open degradation mechanisms"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:flammability",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Flammability",
      "properties": {
        "id": "flammability",
        "name": "Flammability",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "The property that makes lithium-ion fires hard to fight: the carbonate solvents have flash points near room temperature, and the positive electrode releases its own oxygen when hot, so the fire does not need air. Solid and non-flammable electrolytes aim to remove this.",
        "related": [
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "solid-state-battery",
          "fire-suppression"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/flammability/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:enclosure",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Enclosure",
      "properties": {
        "id": "enclosure",
        "name": "Enclosure",
        "aka": [
          "battery housing",
          "battery tray"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The sealed case that carries the modules, protects them in a crash, keeps water out to an IP67 rating or better and vents gas in a thermal event. In many cars it is a structural part of the body.",
        "related": [
          "pack",
          "ip-rating",
          "cell-to-chassis",
          "venting",
          "gigacasting",
          "ul-94"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/enclosure/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:thermal-propagation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal propagation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-propagation",
        "name": "Thermal propagation",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Thermal runaway spreading from one cell to its neighbours through conducted heat, hot gas and flame. Pack designs are judged by whether, and how slowly, a single failing cell takes the rest with it.",
        "related": [
          "thermal-runaway",
          "thermal-barrier",
          "venting",
          "module",
          "propagation-test"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-propagation/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:thermal-barrier",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal barrier",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-barrier",
        "name": "Thermal barrier",
        "aka": [
          "fire-resistant pad",
          "mica sheet"
        ],
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "An insulating sheet — aerogel, mica, ceramic fibre or intumescent material — placed between cells or modules to slow heat transfer during a thermal event and buy time for occupants to leave.",
        "related": [
          "thermal-propagation",
          "compression-pad",
          "module"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-barrier/",
        "mentions": [
          "aerogel",
          "intumescent-material"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}